邊凌涵


有人曾說,已經過去的中國現代文學史的半壁江山在浙江。如今,在中國網絡文學領域,優秀作家不斷冒出、文學精品頻現的浙江,也成為重要一極。更多時候,讀者可能不清楚這些作者的名字,但提起他們的作品,或許會如數家珍:《盜墓筆記》《步步驚心》《甄嬛傳》《羋月傳》……寫出這些飲譽中外作品的,正是浙江的網絡作家們。
大神覆蓋各種文學類型
盛大文學曾對旗下的起點中文網、晉江文學城、紅袖添香網、榕樹下等七家網站做過一個統計,在110萬注冊IP地址中,浙江有11萬,較活躍的網絡作家有1000多人,大神級的有10人左右。
浙江有“獨特的歷史文化底蘊、自然環境以及經濟發展”,因此文學創作一直繁榮。也許受此傳統影響,在浙江誕生成長和后來在浙江生活發展的網絡作家日益顯現,形成風潮。
浙江網絡作家,從早先的南派三叔到流瀲紫、滄月等,再到烽火戲諸侯、天蠶土豆、管平潮、蔣勝男、夢入神機、曹三公子(曹昇)、燕壘生……讓整個中國網絡文學界和閱讀者都在關注。
浙江網絡作家在各個網絡文學類型中,都有領銜作家或代表作家,比如南派三叔領銜的“盜墓”類,流瀲紫領銜的“后宮”類,滄月領銜的“女性武俠”和“女性玄幻”類,曹三公子代表的“歷史演義(講史)”類,阿耐、陸琪代表的“職場”和“兩性情感”類,桐華代表的“言情”類,天蠶土豆、烽火戲諸侯代表的“玄幻”類,燕壘生代表的“武俠”和“科幻”類,以及管平潮的“仙俠”、李異的“推理”和“軍事”,蔣勝男的“女性歷史”,等等。
浙江網絡作家群體還在迅速擴大、強壯,呈現出越來越年輕化的趨勢,“80后”“90后”已成為主力軍,而且女性作家多也是一大特色。
浙江的那些碼字無數、赫赫有名的大神已經產生相當的影響力。幾年前,南派三叔的《盜墓筆記》在讀者中間紅極一時,撲朔迷離的故事情節,刻畫精細的人物形象,尤其是小說中那個吳邪角色,更是引得無數粉絲熱烈討論和追捧。隨著電視劇《甄嬛傳》的熱播,原著作者流瀲紫的同名小說也掀起了一陣購買的狂潮,由于臺詞“古色古香”、包含古詩風韻,廣大網友熱衷于效仿,隨之創造出一種“甄嬛體”,瞬間紅遍網絡,見面張口便是“本宮”,描述事物也喜用“極好”“真真”等詞。
不過,這些只是社會的、世俗的、草根的文化現象,網絡文學至少目前還是一種商業行為,其文學本源意義上的探討、批判,尚待深入。
評論助推創作發展
從來,文學需要評論。在轟轟烈烈的浙江網絡文學界,有一個人對之的發展起到了至關重要的作用,他就是文學評論家、浙江省網絡作家協會常務副主席兼秘書長夏烈。
十年前的2007年,夏烈首次提出“類型文學”的概念,推動成立了國內第一個網絡類型文學創作委員會,把習慣于單打獨斗的寫手們聚攏來。那一年,夏烈三請滄月擔任創委會主任,并想方設法通過網站和媒體關系,一個個找出南派三叔、曹三公子和剛剛大學畢業行蹤未定的流瀲紫,又在報紙上的招賢納士中發現了不久后揚名立萬的陸琪。而這之前,這些網絡作家本來是素未謀面的神交網友,夏烈成了他們在作協的“帶頭大哥”。
2008年,夏烈又嘗試創辦了一本雜志《MOOK流行閱》。這是中國首個類型文學概念讀本,它為浙江網絡作家群構建了市場化的平臺,把《甄嬛傳》和《羋月傳》兩個現象級暢銷書的版權留在了浙江出版界,成為浙江文藝出版社形成國內網絡文學出版優勢的契機。
2014年,用夏烈的話來說,就是“個人行為全面變成了集體行動”——省作協在全國成立第一家省級網絡作家協會,10位副主席中有8位是寫手,身為組織者、評論家的夏烈位列其中并眾望所歸地出任秘書長。
2017年4月14日,中國作家協會、浙江省作家協會和杭州市文學藝術界聯合會提議三方合作建立“中國作協網絡文學研究院”,該研究院在杭州掛牌成立。夏烈認為,網絡文學已經成為大眾文化現象,需要有更大的力量去推動和引導,而研究院既拓寬了網絡作家的創作空間,又給予理論評論家更多機會深入一線、讓大家可以共同探討業內諸多問題,規避“野蠻生長”,優化創作生態,樹立精品意識,建設一支強大而優質的“網絡文軍”。
此外,夏烈還在《浙江作家》雜志上開設專欄討論網絡文學的發展、評價網絡作家的創作、推動新生力量的進步。
互聯網讓同類的聚集變得簡單,即便小眾的題材也能擁有供養者。因反向供養制度,網絡成為更加自由的寫作環境。自由,總能生長出來讓人意外的東西。網絡文學正因作者、讀者、評論家等眾多參與者而豐富,也因豐富生發出各種可能與驚喜。
讓世界看到中國
文學網站已經逐漸成為一批作者和作品實現名氣發酵和商業價值的重要平臺。與之相伴,網絡文學作品和其衍生品開發也呈現井噴之勢。網絡小說的衍生品涵蓋了電影、電視、話劇、圖書、音樂、游戲等多種大眾藝術的表現形式。
浙江網絡作家作品產業轉化能力強、資本接受度高成為一大亮點。流瀲紫的《后宮甄嬛傳》、南派三叔的《盜墓筆記》、管平潮的《仙劍奇俠傳》等,先后改編成影視作品。桐華的《步步驚心》改編為電視劇后,引發國內古裝影視“穿越”劇的潮流;蔣勝男的《羋月傳》在北京衛視、上海東方衛視播出后,成為熒屏寵兒,圖書成為暢銷書。南派三叔的《盜墓筆記》改編成網絡劇、舞臺劇,網劇點擊率高達27.5億次。由天蠶土豆作品改編的《斗破蒼穹》首日24小時全網播放點擊破億,打破了國內3D動畫首播紀錄。查看各年度網絡文學IP產品排行榜,浙江網絡作家占比高,以2015年為例,網絡文學IP電視劇排名前十位,浙江占三部;網絡文學IP手游前五名,浙江又占三席。
在近兩年國家新聞出版廣電總局評選的“年度優秀網絡文學原創作品”中,浙江網絡作家的作品年均占15%;中國作家協會2016年中國網絡小說年度排行榜年榜發布,浙江網絡作家的作品占25%;皆為各省之冠。
據說,國際上有這么一種說法,美國好萊塢、韓國電視劇、日本動漫和中國網絡文學是當下的“世界四大文化現象”。兼具“網絡性”與“中國性”的網絡文學作為文化自信的代表,開始走出國門,傳播領域覆蓋美國、加拿大、英國、法國、俄羅斯、越南、泰國等百余個國家,特別是在東南亞乃至北美地區,已經成為重要的流行文化之一。如蔣勝男的《羋月傳》、桐華的《步步驚心》、天蠶土豆的《斗破蒼穹》、發飆的蝸牛的《妖神記》等,均進行了海外版權輸出。
當然,在走出去的同時,網絡文學應當更多思考如何承擔起社會責任和文學責任,提高內容和藝術的審美檔次,生產精品和傳世之作,真正體現中華文化的軟實力。
讓世界看到中國,讓中國聚焦浙江,這是浙江網絡文學作家的夢想,而他們也一直在為此努力著。
(本文圖片由作者提供)
Web Novelists of Zhejiang: A Major Cyber Literary Force
By Bian Linghan
Zhejiang is a cradle of novelists. It is said that writers of Zhejiang may account for a big part of a modern literature history of Chinas 20th century. And in the 21st century, the province has seen a galaxy of web novelists thriving and taking the literary circles of the country by storm. Shengda Literature, a web literary giant that operates a seven novel publishing and reading websites, states that, of the 1.1 million registered members across the country, 110,000 are from Zhejiang. Of the 110,000 members from Zhejiang, over 1,000 are novelists who are relatively active and about 10 of them are considered literary gods.
These Zhejiang web novelists are genre writers. Their subjects are wide ranging: mysteries and suspensions of tomb robbery, tales of concubines, real and alternative history, modern white-collar workers seeking career success and love, fantasies featuring mortals and immortals, kungfu masters, science fiction, crime, and war.
They are young writers, most of them born in the 1980s and the 1990s. And many of them are women.
Their web novels are influential. written by Third Uncle of South School based in Hangzhou has been a publishing miracle. The story is related in nine books. The bestsellers have given birth to a number of blockbuster films and more films will come along. , by Liu Lian Zi, a school teacher based in Zhejiang, was a television phenomenon. The 76-episode blockbuster series screened first in 2011 was later adapted to dubbed in English and screened in the USA.
Another outstanding feature of these Zhejiang web novelists is that their works have captured the largest screen adaptation market. In 2015, Zhejiang had three web novels in the list of top ten literary masterpieces. In the list of top 5 web games based on web novels, three were created by Zhejiang web novelists.
Web novels are a cultural phenomenon. And some critics think the web literature is more business than literature. It takes some time to explore the literary significance of these web novels.
Xia Lie, a literary critic by profession and executive vice president of Zhejiang Web Writers Association, has played a big part in getting web novelists of Zhejiang together. In 2007, he came up with the concept of genre literature and helped organized web novelists into a genre novel writing club. In the summer of 2007, he asked Cang Yue to head the club. The Zhejiang-based web novelists who had already established their web fame came together. Though they were famous online, these writers didnt know each other in real life and never met. One novelist who had just got his name noticed by readers was also found by the club. These individual writers came together for the first time.
In 2008, Xia Lie launched a literary magazine that serializes genre novels. It is the first literary publication that focused on web writings. It also serves as a platform for these web novelists to find publishers. Thanks to the platform, and , two phenomenal novels by Zhejiang-based web novelists, were published in Zhejiang and Zhejiang Literature & Art Publishing House holds the copy rights.
In 2014, web novelists in Zhejiang organized themselves into Zhejiang Web Writers Association, the first of its kind in the country.
It is said that American movies, South Korean television series, Japanese animation films and comic books, and Chinese web literature are worlds four cultural phenomena. Chinese web novels are now read by readers in more than one hundred countries and regions across the world. The publishing rights of the best web novels authored by Zhejiang web novelists have been sold overseas.