緩沖空間對拉薩市居住建筑冬季采暖能耗的影響

李恩++劉加平

摘要：冬季現場調研與熱環境測試表明，拉薩市現有居住建筑的緩沖空間能明顯改善室內熱環境。但當地非采暖房間冬季熱環境仍較差，居住建筑采暖需求明顯。當地采暖能耗與環境負荷增長趨勢明顯。以拉薩市常見的單元式住宅為基礎建立了熱工計算模型，模擬分析了南北向緩沖空間進深設計對冬季采暖能耗的影響規律。結果表明：南北向緩沖空間均能有效降低模型的采暖能耗，其中，隨著南向緩沖進深增大，模型采暖能耗呈遞增趨勢；隨北向緩沖空間進深增大，模型采暖能耗呈先降后增趨勢，北向緩沖空間模型之間能耗差很小。緩沖空間優化設計模型與基礎模型的能耗對比分析顯示，合理設置的南北向緩沖空間能夠大幅降低采暖能耗。

關鍵詞：

緩沖空間；采暖能耗；被動式設計；建筑節能

Abstract：

Based on the analysis of winter field survey and thermal environment measurement， the bufferspace design can obviously improve indoor thermal environment in the residential buildings of Lhasa. However， the indoor winter thermal environment of nonheating rooms still need to be improved. Local people have strong heating demand for residential buildings. All the clues lead to the fast growing tendency of heating energy consumption and environmental load in Lhasa. The basic simulation models for understanding the bufferspace's effect to heating energy consumption are established from the common residential buildings in Lhasa， and the factors include south and north bufferspace's depth design. Result shows that bufferspace can obviously reduce winter heating energy consumption. Along with the south bufferspace's depth increasing， the heating energy consumption shows the tendency of continuous increasing； as for the north bufferspace， the tendency is firstly getting decreasing and then increasing， and the energy consumption among models is not large. The heating energy consumption comparison study between common model and optimal bufferspace design model shows that bufferspace design can obviously reduce the heating energy consumption.

Keywords：

bufferspace； heating energy consumption； passive design； building energy saving

拉薩是中國海拔最高的省會城市，其氣候具有典型的高原城市氣候特征：空氣含氧量低，氣壓低，太陽輻射強烈，氣溫日較差大，最熱月七月的平均溫度為15.5 ℃，最冷月一月的平均溫度為-1.6 ℃[1]。夏季非常涼爽，冬季采暖期長但平均溫度并不特別低[2]。資料顯示[35]，隨著城市化進程的不斷推進，拉薩住宅建筑已步入大面積建設階段。同時，居民生活條件在逐步提高，生活方式逐漸趨同內陸。可以推斷，城市建筑采暖能耗將持續增加。為了避免當地采暖能耗爆發性無序增長，對當地居住建筑采用高效被動式太陽能設計，以緩解冬季采暖能耗矛盾是在當地氣候條件與自然資源雙重約束下，實現可持續發展。……