緩沖空間對(duì)拉薩市居住建筑冬季采暖能耗的影響

李恩++劉加平

摘要：冬季現(xiàn)場(chǎng)調(diào)研與熱環(huán)境測(cè)試表明，拉薩市現(xiàn)有居住建筑的緩沖空間能明顯改善室內(nèi)熱環(huán)境。但當(dāng)?shù)胤遣膳块g冬季熱環(huán)境仍較差，居住建筑采暖需求明顯。當(dāng)?shù)夭膳芎呐c環(huán)境負(fù)荷增長(zhǎng)趨勢(shì)明顯。以拉薩市常見(jiàn)的單元式住宅為基礎(chǔ)建立了熱工計(jì)算模型，模擬分析了南北向緩沖空間進(jìn)深設(shè)計(jì)對(duì)冬季采暖能耗的影響規(guī)律。結(jié)果表明：南北向緩沖空間均能有效降低模型的采暖能耗，其中，隨著南向緩沖進(jìn)深增大，模型采暖能耗呈遞增趨勢(shì)；隨北向緩沖空間進(jìn)深增大，模型采暖能耗呈先降后增趨勢(shì)，北向緩沖空間模型之間能耗差很小。緩沖空間優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)模型與基礎(chǔ)模型的能耗對(duì)比分析顯示，合理設(shè)置的南北向緩沖空間能夠大幅降低采暖能耗。

關(guān)鍵詞：

緩沖空間；采暖能耗；被動(dòng)式設(shè)計(jì)；建筑節(jié)能

Abstract：

Based on the analysis of winter field survey and thermal environment measurement， the bufferspace design can obviously improve indoor thermal environment in the residential buildings of Lhasa. However， the indoor winter thermal environment of nonheating rooms still need to be improved. Local people have strong heating demand for residential buildings. All the clues lead to the fast growing tendency of heating energy consumption and environmental load in Lhasa. The basic simulation models for understanding the bufferspace's effect to heating energy consumption are established from the common residential buildings in Lhasa， and the factors include south and north bufferspace's depth design. Result shows that bufferspace can obviously reduce winter heating energy consumption. Along with the south bufferspace's depth increasing， the heating energy consumption shows the tendency of continuous increasing； as for the north bufferspace， the tendency is firstly getting decreasing and then increasing， and the energy consumption among models is not large. The heating energy consumption comparison study between common model and optimal bufferspace design model shows that bufferspace design can obviously reduce the heating energy consumption.

Keywords：

bufferspace； heating energy consumption； passive design； building energy saving

拉薩是中國(guó)海拔最高的省會(huì)城市，其氣候具有典型的高原城市氣候特征：空氣含氧量低，氣壓低，太陽(yáng)輻射強(qiáng)烈，氣溫日較差大，最熱月七月的平均溫度為15.5 ℃，最冷月一月的平均溫度為-1.6 ℃[1]。夏季非常涼爽，冬季采暖期長(zhǎng)但平均溫度并不特別低[2]。資料顯示[35]，隨著城市化進(jìn)程的不斷推進(jìn)，拉薩住宅建筑已步入大面積建設(shè)階段。同時(shí)，居民生活條件在逐步提高，生活方式逐漸趨同內(nèi)陸。可以推斷，城市建筑采暖能耗將持續(xù)增加。為了避免當(dāng)?shù)夭膳芎谋l(fā)性無(wú)序增長(zhǎng)，對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)鼐幼〗ㄖ捎酶咝П粍?dòng)式太陽(yáng)能設(shè)計(jì)，以緩解冬季采暖能耗矛盾是在當(dāng)?shù)貧夂驐l件與自然資源雙重約束下，實(shí)現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展?！?br>