做語法題切勿“先入為主”

楊華新

2017年高考已然落下帷幕。筆者對比2016年高考英語全國I卷的語法填空和短文改錯題，發現今年的比去年的稍易，但其中有個別題目考生容易“錯填誤改”。究其原因，除了試題本身具有一定的迷惑性外，主要是考生“先入為主”的解題陋習惹的禍。請看：

1.（2017年全國Ⅰ卷語法填空） There has been a recent trend in the food service industry toward lower fat content and less salt. This trend， which was started by the medical community （醫學界） 61 a method of fighting heart disease， has had some uninterested side effects ...

解析：見到method一詞，不少考生以為該題考查with ...method“用……方法”，故條件反射地填了with。而原句的意思是：這個趨勢是由醫學界發起的，“作為（as）”對抗心臟病的一種方法……，故填with顯然與原意相悖。

2. （2017年全國Ⅰ卷短文改錯） ... A few minutes later， the instructor asked me to stop the car. It was a relief and I came to a sudden stop just in the middle on the road.

解析：本題設置極其巧妙，暗藏陷阱。本題考查in the middle of（在……中間）這一詞組，而on the road“在路上”也是固定搭配，恰好連在一起，故此題極具干擾性。有的考生先入為主，誤以為on the road是對的，因此沒有意識到此處的on錯了。

綜上所述，表面上看起來很基礎的語法填空和短文改錯題，有時也會隱藏玄機，建議考生在解答此類題目時，必須打起精神，杜絕“先入為主”的答題陋習，方能避開干擾，準確填改。答題時，應力爭做到以下三點：

1. 立足語境，切忌臆斷。

做題前，先快速瀏覽全文，通篇理解，注意上下文語境，不可主觀臆斷。如上述提及的短文改錯題，由語境可知是考查in the middle of而并非on the road。

2. 分析結構，確定成分。

遇到糾結之處，必須放慢步伐，認真分析結構，劃分句子成分，判斷該空詞性，最終確定形式。

3. 關注搭配，甄別細微。

在語法填空和短文改錯中，介詞和冠詞有時會以固定搭配的形式來考查。故考生在復習備考的過程中須積累相關的短語，尤其要關注那些“貌合神離”的詞組，解題時切不可張冠李戴。如：

a second time 再次

the second time第二次

go to church 去做禮拜

go to the church去教堂

take place發生

take the place of取代

out of question毫無問題

out of the question不可能的

exchange sth with sb同某人交換某物

exchange A for B用A換B

take advantage of 充分利用

have an advantage over在……方面比較有利

在教學中，筆者發現，不少考生因“先入為主”的做題習慣，導致他們在解答語法填空和短文改錯時丟了不該丟的分。基于此，筆者特意對學生平時的易錯題進行了整理，希望對下一屆的考生能起到拋磚引玉的作用。

一、高考題

1.（2007年廣東卷）... While she was getting me____________（settle）into a tiny but clean room， the head of the village was tying up ...

2.（2007年廣東卷）The head of the village was tying up his horse to my car to pull it to____________small town some 20 kilometers away where there was a garage.

3.（2008年廣東卷）... He was tired of doing this for a whole day， but he felt very happy since the crop did“grow”______ （high）.

4.（2009年廣東卷）Jane paused in front of a counter where some attractive ties were on display. “They are real silk，”the assistant tried to attract her.“Worth double the price.”But Jane knew from past experience that her____________（choose） of ties hardly ever pleased her father.

5.（2014年廣東卷）We were told that our rooms hadnt been reserved for that week， but for the week after. I didnt understand____________this would happen.

6.（2014年全國Ⅱ卷）There were many people waiting at the bus stop，____________some of them looked very anxious and disappointed.

7.（2016年全國I卷）Chengdu has dozens of new millionaires， Asias biggest building， and fancy new hotels. But for tourists like me， pandas are its top____________（attract）.

二、模擬題

1.（2017屆廣州一模）She is the little boys grandmother， and her daughter， Nicole， bought____________house next door last October.

2.（2017屆廣州一模）Communication____________us is somewhat difficult because she doesnt speak English and all I can say in Chinese is hello.

3.（2017屆汕頭一模）A story about violinist Fritz Kresler tells how he once came across a beautiful instrument he wanted to acquire. When he finally raised the money for the violin， he returned to buy it but learned that it____________（sell） to a collector.

4.（2017屆汕頭三模）I was placed in a special school， together with children who suffered from different diseases. However， I studied hard and finally entered an ordinary school with ordinary kids， trying to enjoy my life like any other kid____________my age.

5.（2017屆廣州模擬）Shawns dad understood his silence. “You havent even started， have you？You promise youd take care of____________first thing this morning.”

6.（2017屆臨門一卷）Muslim Street is a____________（history） market road in Xian，China that dates back more than 1，000 years.

7.（ 2017屆山東菏澤一模）My father always had a garden. He once found a plot（小塊土地） even when we lived in the house with someone else. They always appreciated the vegetables he provided in exchange____________his use of the garden plot.

8.（2017屆河南南陽等六市一模）Without a cell phone at hand， Sun tried yelling to get attention of people outside， but no one responded as time passed by. He slipped a note through the door with the message ... and hoped someone 6 （pick） it up and act on it.

9.（2017屆高三英語考前熱身）Following the huge success of this show， another show， “Readers”，has also aroused great interest____________the audience.

10.（2017屆模擬題）改錯題：Gathering at the entrance of the station， we were told to collect as many English words and sentences as possible here.

11.（2017屆廣州模擬）改錯題：Last night， I dreamt that I was digging a hole in my backyard. After which seemed like hours of digging， two objects came into view.

12.（2017屆考前熱身）改錯題：Im more than happier that youre interested in Chinese culture ...

三、原創題

1. The West Lake is a well-known tourist attraction， which is commonly compared _________ a pretty girl.

2. The boy standing in front of me was familiar _________ me， but his name was just at the tip of my tongue.

3. With the Chinese translation and vivid pictures， we could figure out its meaning _________ ease.

4. His sister was married _________ a teacher last summer.

5. He became a writer ________ his twenties.

6. She shouted _________ the top of her voice to make herself heard. Unfortunately， no one came to her rescue.

7. Im looking forward to seeing you _________ Christmas.

8. On _________ （arrive） at the destination， we got down to doing the work.

9. _________ he graduated from university， he has worked as a teacher in the mountainous area.

10. _________ the end of the this term， he will have learned around 2500 English words.

11. You can leave your bike here and Ill get it fixed __________ two days.

12. There is a good-looking bird ________ the tree. It is eating some fruit ________ the tree.

13. （1）Cant you see theres a picture _________ the wall？

（2）Cant you see theres a nail _________ the wall？

14.（1） He _________ （come） to London before last week.

（2）I have studied French for three years since I _________ （come） here.

15. Its very considerate __________ you to help me carry the luggage all the way.

16. Therere many trees on _________ side of the street.

17. We manage to complete the tough task _________ your help.

18. He hasnt heard from her ________ last month.

19. Please show me _______ to send an e-mail， John. Its the first time for me to do it.

20. The accident took place ________ a cold February evening.

21. I dont know the homework _______ today because I asked for a sick leave.

22. Jane said she would come here ________ 9：00 and 9：30 tomorrow morning.

23. My wife and I finally agreed __________ the price the seller offered for the house.

24. （1）She ________ （visit） the school three years ago.

（2） She ________ （visit） the school frequently since three years ago.

25. （1）_________ time goes by， he becomes lazier and lazier.

（2）_________ time going by， he becomes lazier and lazier.

26. In the past， the poor _________ （lead） a miserable life. However， with the development of society， they __________ （lead） a much better life in the past few years.

27. He is _________ very promising young man who is ________ very person we are looking for.

28. She is ________ most diligent student， but not __________ most hard-working one in her class.

29. Mrs. Smith had two children last year and she gave birth to _________ third child last month. The name of _________ third one is Nancy.

30. （1） He looked up and saw _________ clear， bright full moon in the sky.

（2）________ Mr. Green is expecting to see you.

（3）The lecture held last week was _________ great success.

31. （1） It was midnight _________ we got home.

（2）It was at midnight _________ we got home.

（3）It is the room _________ we study.

（4） It is in the room _______ we study.

32.（1） He lay _________ （help） on the floor.

（2） The old man fell to the ground _________ （conscious）.

（3） We watched the houses being destroyed by the violent storm， _______ （help）.

33. Several days of heavy rain created a small river _________ （flow） by Nancys house.

34. （1） _____ is known to everybody， the moon travels round the earth once every month.

（2）_______ is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth once every month.

35. （1） Bob is such a polite boy ________ all the people around him like.

（2）Bob is such a polite boy ________ all the people around him like him.

（3）Bob is a very polite boy， ________ all the people around him like.

36.（1） The guests， most of _______ are from the countryside， enjoyed the meal to their hearts content.

（2） The books on the shelf， most of _______ are about science and technology， were purchased last week.

37. （1）They put forward many suggestions at the meeting， none of _______ carried out in their work.

（2）They put forward many suggestions at the meeting， none of _______ were carried out in their work.

（3）They put forward many suggestions at the meeting， but none of _______ were carried out in their work.

38. （1）On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the open air， _______ parents were seated together talking and laughing.

（2）On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the open air， and _______ parents sat together talking and laughing.

（3）On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the open air， _______ parents sitting together talking and laughing.

39. （1）She says that shell never forget the time ________ she spent working as a secretary in our company.

（2）She says that shell never forget the time ________ she once worked as a secretary in our company.

40. （1）Our company will move to a tall building _______ we bought last month.

（2）Our company will move to a tall building _______ we stayed last month.

41. 改錯題：To our delighted， he won first prize in the Oral English Contest held last week.

答案與解析

一、高考題

1. settled。見到get一詞，很多考生都想到get sb. to do“讓某人做某事”這一用法，于是誤填了to settle。但本題考查get sb./sth. done“讓某人/某事被……”這一結構。

2. a。但當年很多考生都填了the，他們以為先行詞town受到后面的定語從句的修飾，范圍已定，故填the表示特指。殊不知原句指的是“離車庫約20千米遠的一個小城鎮”，是泛指。

3. higher。他感到很高興，因為莊稼的確“長高”了。而相當多的考生一見到動詞grow，就急于想用副詞highly來修飾它。犯錯主要有以下兩個原因：1.忽略語境、先入為主，被grow“蒙蔽”了眼睛；2. 平時不注意甄別high與highly，導致張冠李戴。

4. choice。當年不少考生看到后面的ties用了復數形式，于是也填了choices。其實，此處僅僅表示對各種領帶所做的“一次選擇”，而不是側重“多次選擇”領帶，故宜用單數。

5. how。句意：“我們”不清楚這種事情是“如何”（how）發生的。受到中式思維的影響，很多學生認為：“我”們不清楚“為什么（why）”會發生這種事情，故誤填了why。

6. and。學生一看到分句前的逗號以及表示地點的bus stop，以為是考查非限定性定語從句，結果誤填了where，但根據內容可知前后是順承關系，故用and。

7. attraction。“熊貓是它最具吸引力的地方”，故用單數形式。然而，不少考生看見主語pandas和謂語are都用了復數形式，以為后面的名詞也該用復數，結果大錯特錯。

二、模擬題

1. the。由于名詞house受到next door的修飾，表示“隔壁的那間屋子”，故應填定冠詞the。相當多的考生忽略了后面的修飾語，誤填了a。

2. between。原句想表達“我們之間的交流……”，故填between。不少考生受communicate with的影響，先入為主地誤填了with。

3. had been sold。因為等到他返回的時候，樂器已經被賣掉，故表示“過去的過去”。好些考生忽略了語境，以為僅僅是一般過去時態的被動語態，結果填了was sold。

4. of。因at my age“在我這個年紀”，一般是用作表語，而of my age“和我一樣的年紀”，往往用于充當后置定語。結合語境，無疑of更佳，而考生受到詞組at the age of（……歲）的影響，大多數考生都填at。

5. it。絕大多數考生看到序數詞first，幾乎都不約而同地填了the，以為the first thing表示“第一件事情”。仔細分析，take care of后缺賓語，故只能用代詞it 指代前文出現過的事物。此處的first thing意為“一大早”，在句中充當狀語。

6. historic。較多的考生一看到history，就不假思索地填了historical。錯因分析：1.分不清historical和historic區別，前者意為“歷史的”，后者則是“有歷史意義的”；2. 犯了先入為主的答題大忌。本題提醒考生既要注意詞義辨析，更要立足篇章語境。

7. for。不少考生受到exchange sth. with sb.“和某人交換某物”的影響，誤填了with。但從句意來看，是作者的爸爸用他的蔬菜來換得花園這塊小地的使用權，故正確答案是for，此處in exchange for（作為……的交換）是固定結構。

8. would pick。不少考生雖然看懂了句意，但卻以為是hope sb. to do sth.，因此填了to pick。事實上，hope sb to do sth是不規范的，應當避免。

9. of。原文想表示“激發某人的興趣”，故應用arouse great interest of sb，而大部分的考生一看到interest一詞，就自然而然地想起take/show interest in， be interested in（對……感興趣）等表達，結果條件反射地填了in。

10. here改為there。注意：of不需要改為to，因為the entrance to / of “……的入口”皆可。

11. which改為what。因為after是介詞，其后接賓語從句，what充當從句的主語。切不可先入為主以為是考查定語從句，介詞after后接關系代詞which。

12. happier改為happy。此處易受到than的影響，誤以為是比較級。more than happy意為“非常高興；很樂意”。

三、原創題

1. to。注意：compare ... with ... “把……和……比較”，而compare to除了“把……和……比較””外，還有“把……比作……”之意，故填to。

2. to。 注意：sb. be familiar with“某人對……熟悉”，而sb. / sth. be familiar to sb. 則是“對于某人而言，……是熟悉的”，故填to。

3. with。 受到短語at ease“舒適；自在”和put sb. at ease“使舒適；使自在”的影響，此題易誤填at。而此處是表達“容易（with ease）理解它的意思”，故填with。

4. to。在英語中，“與某人結婚”通常用marry sb.或be / get married to sb.來表示，但受到漢語負遷移的影響，容易誤填with。

5. in。受到at the age of的干擾，考生很容易填at，而in ones teens /twenties / thirties ... （某人十幾歲/二十幾歲/三十幾歲……）是固定短語，故答案是in。

6. at。聲音大小用詞組in a low/high voice來表示，而at the top of ones voice“最大聲地”是固定搭配，故應填at。

7. at。在某一天用介詞on，但表示“全部節日期間”用at。因Christmas是圣誕節期間，一般要有兩周或更長的時間，故填at。

8. arriving。空格后接了名詞destination充當其賓語，故填動名詞arriving。注意：本空容易誤填arrival。

9. since。不可根據中文意思，以為所填詞表示“……后”，就填了After，注意主句的has worked是現在完成時，顯然Since才是正確答案。

10. By。注意：in the end“最終”，其后不接of，而at the end of“在……的最后”，by the end of+時間“到……之前”，其后往往用完成時。

11. in。因after通常用于過去時態，表“……后”，而in則多用于將來時，表示若干時間內會做某事，因此應填in。

12. in； on。樹上長出來的果實、樹葉等，要用on，而其它外來的人或物，則用in。故第一空填in，第二空填on。

13.（1）on； （2）in。在墻的“表面”用on，而在墻的“里面”，則用in。故第一空填on，第二空填in。

14.（1）had come；（2）came。因before一般與完成時連用，ago總是與一般過去時連用，故第一空填had come；而since從句的謂語動詞往往是用過去式，故第二空填came。

15. of。區別：Its + adj. for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特點，表示客觀形式的形容詞，如easy， hard， difficult， interesting， important， impossible等；而Its + adj. of sb. 則表示人物的性格，品德，表示主觀感情或態度的形容詞，如good， kind， nice， clever， foolish， right， wise， generous， thoughtful等，故正確答案是of。

16. either。句中的side用了單數形式，而街道有兩邊（side），故填either。此題容易誤填both（兩者都）或every（三者以上的每一個）。

17. with。中文負遷移，易誤填under。答案是with。

18. since。表“自從”用since。本題易誤填until，以為是not ... until句型，而until后須接句子。

19. how。此題容易誤填when。請認真看題，此處的time并非“時間”，而是“次數”。

20. on。在早上、下午、晚上，用介詞in，即in the morning， in the afternoon， in the evening。但在特定的早上、下午、晚上時，用介詞on而不是in。

21. for。但受到中文的干擾，學生易誤填of，“…… 的”，表示從屬關系。

22. between。解題時要把and考慮進去，不可看到鐘點數就不假思索地填了at。

23. on。因為agree with表示同意某人或某人的意見、想法、分析、解釋等 （即持同一觀點）；agree to主要用來表示一方提出一項建議、安排、計劃等，另一方同意協作；agree on主要指雙方通過協商而取得一致意見或達成協議。

24.（1）visited；（2）has visited。有時間狀語ago，應該用一般過去時，故第一空填visited，而since ... ago表示“自從……前開始”，故第二句的謂語要用現在完成時，即has visited。

25.（1）As；（2）With。表示“隨著”的時候，連詞as后面接句子，而介詞with后面接名詞或者動名詞。故第一空填As，第二空填With。

26. led； have led。因in the past意為“在過去”，句子的謂語用一般過去時態，故第一個空填led；而in the past / last few years是“在最近幾年”之意，句子謂語要用現在完成時態，因此第二空的答案是have led。

27. a；the。表示“一個”非常有前途的年輕人，故第一個空填a；第二空的答案是the，因為the very person意為“正是那個人”。

28. a；the。因a most+adj.表示 “一個非常……”，故第一個空填a；第二空的答案是the，因為the most+adj. 意為“最……”。

29. a； the。因The+序數詞+n”表示特指“第幾個”；“a+序數詞+n”表示泛指“又一次/個”，故第一空填a，第二空填the。

30. （1）a； （2）a。世界上獨一無二的事物要用the來修飾，如the earth， the sun等，但是當這些專有名詞前面加上形容詞等表示某種屬性或一時特色時，用不定冠詞a/an，所以第一空填a；在第二空填a，因為a Mr. Smith是泛指，意為“一個叫做史密斯先生的人”。success 本身是不可數名詞，但a great success意為“成功的人或事”。

31. （1）when； （2）that； （3）where； （4）that。第（1）句和（3）句where引導定語從句；而第（2）和（4）句是強調句。

32.（1）helpless； （2）unconscious； （3）helpless。注意：不要認為這三個空都是該填副詞形式來修飾句中的謂語，這三個空都是用形容詞形式來充當主語補足語（也有人認為是狀語）。

33. flowing。不要被by所蒙蔽而填了過去分詞flown，此處flow by是“流經”之意，而不是表示被動。

34. （1）As；（2）It。這兩句都是考查定語從句。

35. （1）as；（2）that； （3）whom。第一空是考查定語從句；第二空是考查狀語從句；第三空填考查非限制性定語從句。

36. （1）whom； （2）which。這兩空均考查定語從句。注意：兩者都容易誤填them。

37.（1）them； （2）which； （3）them。第一空考查獨立主格結構；第二空考查非限制性定語從句；第三空考查并列句。這三個容易混淆，須細心甄別。

38. （1）whose；（2）their；（3）their。第一空考查非限制性定語從句；第二空，因為句中有并列連詞and，整個句子為并列句；第三空考查獨立主格結構。

39. （1）which/that； （2）when。第（1）題容易誤填when，不少學生機械地認為時間名詞后必須用關系副詞when。在本題中，動詞spent是及物動詞，缺賓語，故應填關系代詞 which或that或者略；而第（2）題先行詞time才是充當時間狀語，故填when。

40.（1）which /that； （2）where。第（1）題容易誤填where，因為他們機械地認為地點名詞后用關系副詞 where。在本題中，動詞bought是及物動詞，缺賓語，故應填關系代詞 which或that或省略；而第（2）題先行詞building在句子充當地點狀語，故填where。

41. delighted改為delight。相信不少同學會畫蛇添足地在first前加了定冠詞the，誤以為序數詞前必須有the。其實，在表示獲獎或排名時，往往prize前是零冠詞，如：win first prize， come second， rank third等。