上海市高考英語新題型介紹
—— 概要寫作

◎許曉玲 王菊蓉 上海市行知中學

上海市高考英語新題型介紹
—— 概要寫作

◎許曉玲 王菊蓉 上海市行知中學

【編者按】浙江省和上海市是新高考綜合改革試點省市。本期我們特意邀約了上海市行知中學的兩位老師給大家介紹上海市高考英語新題型，并附上了學生習作點評。“他山之石，可以攻玉”，希望能讓廣大高中教師和學生對上海市的英語高考改革有一個初步了解，從中得到些教學啟示。

一 題型介紹

從2017年1月春考開始，上海市英語高考試卷的題型就做出了許多調整，其中之一便是筆試部分增加了概要寫作（Summary Writing）（10分），從而使英語高考的寫作數量從原來的一篇增加為兩篇。

在分析這一新題型前，不妨讓我們來回顧一下上海市英語高考卷部分題型的變化：2005年閱讀部分增加了一篇選擇題形式的快速閱讀題（配對題）（4題，共8分），它要求學生快速閱讀文章并選出符合段落主旨的選項。2010年閱讀部分出現了一篇以填空題形式的回答問題（4題，共8分），其中有4分是考查對文章信息點的歸納和總結，雖然有字數限制，但這個信息點一般不涉及對文章的整體理解，只考查文章的部分內容。而2017年概要寫作這一新題型，不僅分值增加了，而且要求考生必須用自己的話在概括每一段的段落大意基礎上，對整篇文章進行概括。應該說，概要寫作來源于之前這兩大老題型，但對考生的能力要求上又遠遠高于它們。

目前概要寫作所給定的語篇一般在300詞左右，內容豐富多樣，包含故事、時政、科普等，體裁基本上為記敘文、說明文和議論文，字數要求在60詞以內。它主要考查考生以下的能力目標：能理解作者的寫作意圖；能理解句子、段落之間的邏輯關系；能用自己的語言概括所讀材料的主旨大意。總而言之，它是對學生閱讀和寫作綜合能力的考查。

二 概要寫作評分標準

概要寫作采用分析評分法，從內容和語言兩個維度進行評分。

1.本題總分為10分，其中內容5分，語言5分。

2.評分時應注意的主要方面：內容要點、信息呈現的連貫性和準確性。

3.詞數超過60，酌情扣分。

各檔次給分要求：

1.內容部分：

A.能準確、全面地概括文章主旨大意，并涵蓋主要信息。

B.能準確概括文章主旨大意，但遺漏個別主要信息。

C.能概括文章主旨大意，但遺漏部分主要信息。

D.未能準確概括文章主旨大意，遺漏較多主要信息或留有過多細節信息。

E.幾乎不能概括文章的主旨大意，未涉及文中有意義的相關信息。

F.完全未作答或作答與本題無關。

2.語言部分：

A.能用自己的語言連貫、正確地表述。

B.能用自己的語言較連貫、正確地表述，但有個別語言錯誤。

C.基本能用自己的語言連貫、正確地表述，但連貫性較差，且有少量不影響表意的語言錯誤。

D.基本能用自己的語言表述，但連貫性較差，且嚴重語言錯誤較多。

E.幾乎不能用自己的語言連貫、正確地表述。

F.完全未作答或作答與本題無關。

三 樣題和樣文

1.樣題：Summary Writing（10%）

Directions:Read the following passage.Summarize the main idea and the main points of the passage in no more than 60 words.Use your own words as far as possible.

I read what you wrote about“the good old days”with interest.Despite making some sensible points,to my mind your argument is wildly oversimplified in saying that the old days were better.All too often nowadays,we hear these black-and-white opinions about“globalization”.In my opinion,it’s a grey area and there are important benefits as well as some inevitable downsides as we move away from the good old days.

I feel that thriving cultures are not fixed and many of the best things come from cultures mixing.For example,many British people didn’t take to the very spicy food introduced by Indian people.As a result,Indian food in Britain is not the same as an authentic curry from India,but for some,it’s even better.I took part in some market research recently and found out that even branded goods are often changed to suit local tastes.Did you know,for example,that McDonald’s sell beer in France,lamb in India,and chili in Mexico?

I found it hard to take in what you said about language.Did you really mean that English is“taking over the world”,as you put it?I don’t think so!I agree that huge numbers of people now speak English.At the start of the 21stCentury,about one and a half billion(1,500,000,000)people spoke English.That includes about 400 million speaking English as their first language and the rest speaking it as a second or third language.However,in many cases,a new type of English has been created.A kind of“global English”has taken off across the world.I think this is good in that it facilitates communication in an ever-shrinking,ever-more commercial world.People certainly don’t want a single world language,but a new common“lingua franca”—global language—has major advantages for global business,scientific research and tourism.

Some people—like you—may be saddened by the passing of the“old days”，but it seems to me that most people are welcoming the mixing of cultures and the new things that are being created all the time.(353 words)

2.參考樣文：

The passage is meant to argue against the opinion that globalization does no good.Instead,the author thinks it has great advantages despite some disadvantages.On one hand,cultures mixing,resulting from globalization,will improve thins a lot.On the other hand,a“global English”brings convenience in almost every aspect.That’s why a majority of people embrace globalization.(59 words)

四 學生習作和點評

學生作息1

The author think mixed culture is better than simple cultures.Food in England is better than it in India.New things can be created by culture mixing.(27words)

點評1

建議給1.5分。首先，這篇概要內容不完整，幾點關鍵信息都被遺漏。可以看出該學生語言基礎很薄弱，文章意思沒看懂，理不清文章的思路和結構。其次，這篇文章的語言很糟糕，都是簡單句，且還有基本的語法錯誤，語法結構和詞匯表達也很有限，更談不上用自己的話傳達意義了。第一句他可能想表達的是“The author thinks mixing cultures are better than single culture/traditional culture”，可惜出現了“The author think”主謂沒有一致，和“mixed culture”（應為mixing cultures）這樣的語法錯誤；想表達單一文化“single culture”，但又無法用精準的詞來表達，只好寫成了“simple cultures”。第二句是文章中所給的例子，在概要寫作中是不需要的。第三句“New things can be created by culture mixing.”和原文表達的意思有出入，原文的意思是多元文化的融合使得許多事物的最好一面得以呈現，應改為：“Culture mixing brings about the best sides of things.”此外，原文第三、四段的內容在摘要中只字未提。

學生習作2

We get benefits from the good old days.The culture are fixed and it is more interesting.More people speak English.So a new English was created.So we want a global language.We are welcome the new thing and mixing culture.(42 words)

點評2

建議給3分。這篇概要未能準確概括文章的主旨大意，也遺漏了主要信息。語言上看似流暢，但出現了許多語法錯誤和表達錯誤，如“The culture are fixed”，主謂沒有一致，且原文中的mix（混合）竟然被看成了“fix”（固定；修理）；“More people speak English.So a new English was created.”這句中的“So”應為小寫，且前面的標點符號應改為逗號；時態有誤，“was”應改為“has been”。三個簡單句“More people speak English.So a new English was created.So we want a global language.”所表達的邏輯關系也比較混亂，建議改為：“More and more people speak English,thus a global language has come into being.”最后一句“We are welcome the new thing and mixing culture.”中的“welcome”（adj.）用法錯誤，應為動詞；“the new thing”和“culture”應為復數“new things”和“cultures”。

學生習作3

The passage is meant to argue that globalization has more shortcomings than benefits.However,the writer has the opposite opinion.He thinks that the cultures mixing resulted from globalization brings about many good things.On the other hand,the global language,English has advantages in global business,scientific research and tourism.(51 words)

點評3

建議給6分。本概述能基本涵蓋全文的兩個要點：①全球化的好處；②通用語言——英語帶來各方面的便捷。可惜未對原文尾段進行提煉概括。第一句對全文的理解與提煉出現表達上的錯誤，與下文的兩個論點內容相矛盾。可以有兩個修改方案：①在第一句中“argue”后加入“against the opinion”；②把第一句中的“shortcomings”和“benefits”兩個名詞互換位置。但不管哪一種改法，第二句“However,the writer has the opposite opinion.”都顯得多余（redundancy）。此外，本概述還存在一些語法錯誤：“resulted from”應改為“resulting from”。修改后的概要如下：

The passage is meant to argue against the opinion that globalization has more shortcomings than benefits.The writer thinks that mixing cultures resulting from globalization brings about many good things.On the other hand,the global language,English,has advantages in global business,scientific research and tourism.However,most people give a warm hug to globalization.(56 words)

學生習作4

The passage argues against the opinion that the days before globalization is better,and points out two advantages of globalization.First,many things,such as traditional food,have been improved during the mix of cultures.Second,English has facilitated the communication between countries in all aspects instead of taking over the world.(52 words)

點評4

建議給7.5分。跟上面那篇概要習作一樣，本概述能基本涵蓋全文要點：①全球化的好處；②通用語言——英語帶來各方面的便捷。可惜同樣未對原文尾段進行提煉概括。出現一些語法錯誤或語言問題：①“The passage argues against the opinion that the days before globalization is better”中的“is”改為“was”；②“during the mix of cultures”表達不精確，應改為“due to/because of cultures mixing”則更好；③本概述若用“promoted”和“dominating”取代原文中的“facilitated”和“taking over”，則可實現“用自己的語言，正確表述原文中相關內容”（參考上海市英語高考閱卷概要寫作部分的評分標準）之目的。可見，學生有一定的詞匯量并能靈活運用是多么重要，因此教師在平時教學中尤其要關注學生對近義詞的積累。修改后的概要如下：

The passage argues against the opinion that the days before globalization was better,and points out two advantages of globalization.First,many things,such as traditional food,have been improved due to/because of cultures mixing.Second,English has promoted the communication between countries in all aspects instead of dominating the world as some people think.(52 words)

學生習作5

In the author’s opinion,the advantages of globalization outweigh its disadvantages.Firstly,the cultures mixing has brought us many upsides.Secondly,although many people speak English,it is more than just a world language.Actually,the“global English”benefits business and promotes communication.In brief,although some mourn the passing of the good old days,most are open to globalization.(60 words)

點評5

建議給9分。本概述理解準確，涵蓋全文要點：①全球化利大于弊；②多元文化的融合帶來許多好處；③新環境下的英語帶來各方面的便捷。此外，本概述還用自己的話對結尾段進行了提煉。語言表達自然流暢，基本沒有語法結構上的錯誤，并且在語言上有幾個亮點：用詞精準，能夠用自己的語言去取代原文中相對應的詞或詞組，如：“more than just a world language”“mourn the passing of...”等；用“promote”和“are open to”分別取代了原文中的“facilitate”和“welcome”。本概述的不足之處：“The‘global English’benefits business and promotes communication.”這句，若能改為“The“global English”benefits us in almost every aspects.”則更佳。修改后的概要如下：

In the author’s opinion,the advantages of globalization outweigh its disadvantages.Firstly,cultures mixing has brought us many upsides.Secondly,although many people speak English,it is more than just a world language.Actually,the“global English”benefits us in almost every aspect.In brief,although some mourn the passing of the good old days,most are open to globalization.(60 words)