王麗麗+石磊+范大鵬
【摘要】 目的:探討洋蔥中黃酮類化合物對結核分枝桿菌的抑菌作用。方法:選用56株結核分枝桿菌臨床分離株作為研究對象,結核分枝桿菌標準菌株(H37RV)為對照用菌株,通過分格平板瓊脂比例法抑菌試驗,觀察不同濃度洋蔥中黃酮類化合物、黃酮與一線抗結核藥物聯合使用對結核分枝桿菌的抑菌作用;小鼠腹腔巨噬細胞與結核分枝桿菌共同孵育后,將細胞分為對照組、560 μg/mL黃酮組、280 μg/mL黃酮組、140 μg/mL黃酮組、28 μg/mL黃酮組、異煙肼(INH)組,給予相應藥物干預,通過實時熒光定量PCR法檢測巨噬細胞吞噬的結核分枝桿菌DNA水平,通過酶聯免疫吸附法檢測細胞培養液中細胞因子水平。結果:(1)與2.0 μg/mL INH、1.0 μg/mL利福平(REP)、5.0 μg/mL乙胺丁醇(EMB)、2.0 μg/mL鏈霉素(SM)比較,28 μg/mL黃酮敏感率較低,560、280 μg/mL黃酮敏感率較高,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05),560、280 μg/mL黃酮敏感率比較差異無統計學意義(P>0.05)。(2)與2.0 μg/mL INH、1.0 μg/mL REP、5.0 μg/mL EMB、2.0 μg/mL SM比較,各藥物聯合使用280 μg/mL黃酮后敏感率均較高,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05)。(3)與INH組比較,280 μg/mL黃酮組、560 μg/mL黃酮組巨噬細胞吞噬的結核分枝桿菌DNA擴增Ct值較低及拷貝數較高,28 μg/mL黃酮組巨噬細胞吞噬的結核分枝桿菌DNA擴增Ct值較高及拷貝數較低,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05)。(4)與INH組比較,280 μg/mL黃酮組、560 μg/mL黃酮組細胞培養液中水平γ-干擾素、白細胞介素-1β水平較高,28 μg/mL黃酮組細胞培養液中水平γ-干擾素、白細胞介素-1β、白細胞介素-6水平較低,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05)。結論:洋蔥中黃酮類化合物對結核分枝桿菌有明顯的體外抑菌作用,能夠協同INH、REP、EMB及SM抑菌,還能促進巨噬細胞釋放γ-干擾素、白細胞介素-1β等細胞因子,提高巨噬細胞吞噬結核分枝桿菌的能力,在≤280 μg/mL范圍內,黃酮類化合物濃度越高作用越強。
【關鍵詞】 洋蔥提取物; 黃酮類化合物; 結核分枝桿菌; 抑菌
【Abstract】 Objective:To analyze the inhibitory effect of Flavonoids from onion on Mycobacterium tuberculosis.Method:A total of 56 clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis were selected as the object and divided into blank control group,mycobacterium tuberculosis standard strain(H37RV) as control strain,through the agar plate agar method,the inhibitory effect of different concentrations of flavonoids,flavonoids combined with first-line anti tuberculosis drugs on Mycobacterium tuberculosis was observed; after co incubation of mouse peritoneal macrophages with Mycobacterium tuberculosis,the cells were divided into control group,560 μg/mL flavone group,280 μg/mL flavone group,140 μg/mL flavone group,28 μg/mL flavone group and isonicotinylhydrazide(INH) group,received the corresponding drug intervention,DNA level of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in macrophages were detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR,cytokine levels in cell culture medium were detected by ELISA.Result:(1)Compared with 2.0 μg/mL INH,1.0 μg/mL REP,5.0 μg/mL EMB,2.0 μg/mL SM,sensitive rate of 28 μg/mL flavonoids was lower,sensitive rate of 560 μg/mL flavonoids and 280 μg/mL flavonoids were higher,the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05),the sensitive rate in 560 μg/mL and 280 μg/mL flavonoids were not significantly different(P>0.05).(2)Compared with 2.0 μg/mL INH,1.0 μg/mL REP,5.0 μg/mL EMB,2.0 μg/mL SM,the sensitivity rate of each drug combined with 280 μg/mL flavonoids were higher,the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).(3)Compared with INH group,the amplified DNA Ct value was lower and copy number of Mycobacterium tuberculosisengulfed by macrophage was higher in 280 μg/mL flavone group and 560 μg/mL flavone group,the amplified DNA Ct value was higher and copy number of Mycobacterium tuberculosisengulfed by macrophage was lower in 28 μg/mL flavone group,the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).(4)Compared with INH group,the levels of interferon-γ,interleukin-1βin cell culture medium were higher in 280 μg/mL flavone group and 560 μg/mL flavone group,the levels of interferon-γ,interleukin-1βin cell culture medium were lower in 28 μg/mL flavone group,the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).Conclusion:Flavonoids in onion has obvious antibacterial effect in vitro of Mycobacterium tuberculosis,able to cooperate with INH,REP,EMB and SM inhibiting Mycobacterium tuberculosis,also can promote macrophage release interferon-γ,interleukin-1βand other cytokines,increase the ability of macrophages to phagocytosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis,in≤280μg/mL range,the higher the concentration of flavonoids,the stronger the effect.endprint
【Key words】 Onion extract; Flavonoids; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Bacteriostasis
First-authors address:Hangzhou Red Cross Hospital,Hangzhou 310003,China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2018.02.009
結核分枝桿菌感染能夠侵犯肺臟、胃、肝等各種器官,導致的結核病是當今人類主要慢性傳染病之一[1]。近年來,結核病的發病率不斷上升,資料顯示,全球感染結核分枝桿菌的人口約占總人口1/3,新發病例約為800萬/年,死亡率高達200萬/年,我國活動性結核病患者約占全球發病的14.3%,給社會公共安全造成了很大威脅[2-3]。目前,結核病的治療以異煙肼(isonicotinylhydrazide,INH)、利福平(rifampicin,REP)、乙胺丁醇(ethambutol,EMB)、鏈霉素(streptomycin,SM)一線抗結核藥物為主,對于敏感菌,規范治療可取得較好的療效。但是,作為結核病的病原菌,結核分枝桿菌具有多形性、抗酸性、生長緩慢、抵抗力強、變異性等生物學特性,很容易發生耐藥問題,增加了臨床治療的困難[4-5]。耐藥問題甚至增加了結核性腦膜炎等嚴重并發癥的風險[6]。有研究顯示,我國2012年多重耐藥結核分枝桿菌感染的發病率在3.0%~5.9%[7],這一數字正不斷增加,且多重耐藥結核分枝桿菌有發展為廣泛耐藥結核菌的可能,大大提高了結核病的治療難度,因此尋找新的抗結核分枝桿菌藥物已成為迫在眉睫的問題。我國應用中藥治療肺結核歷史悠久且效果較好,洋蔥為草本藥食同源植物,具有抗菌、抗癌、抗氧化、抗血小板聚集等功效。洋蔥對廣泛耐藥結核菌具有一定的抗菌活性,含有黃酮類化合物。黃酮類化合物被認為是潛在的抗結核藥物[8],但提取自洋蔥的黃酮類化合物能否抑制結核分枝桿菌未見報道。本研究主要探討洋蔥中黃酮類化合物對結核分枝桿菌的抑菌作用,現報告如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 材料
1.1.1 研究對象 56株結核分枝桿菌臨床分離株來自本實驗室;結核分枝桿菌標準菌株(H37RV)為對照用菌株,購自北京市結核與胸部腫瘤研究所;小鼠腹腔巨噬細胞,依照文獻[9]方法提取自昆明小鼠。
1.1.2 藥品與試劑 洋蔥黃酮類化合物,采用乙醇回流提取法自新鮮洋蔥中提取,并經大孔吸附樹脂分離純化獲得;異煙肼(純度>99.0%)、利福平(純度>98.0%)、乙胺丁醇(純度>98.5%)、鏈霉素(純度>98.0%),美國Sigma公司產品;7H10瓊脂、OADC營養液,購自美國BD公司;RPMI-1640培養基,購自上海博升生物科技有限公司;小鼠干擾素-γ(interferon-γ,IFN-γ)、白細胞介素-1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)ELISA試劑盒,購自上海信裕生物科技有限公司;結核分枝桿菌基因(TB-SA)檢測試劑盒(熒光定量PCR法),購自成都永安制藥有限公司。
1.1.3 儀器 細胞培養板,上海朗晟生物科技有限公司產品;AHWS-150L恒溫恒濕培養箱,常州愛華儀器制造有限公司;產品;3K15型離心機,德國Sigma公司產品;Freedom EVO 75全自動酶聯免疫吸附分析儀,瑞士帝肯公司產品;AM5000實時熒光定量PCR檢測系統,美國AmCell公司。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 黃酮的分格平板瓊脂比例法抑菌試驗 (1)藥物溶液配制:采用無菌生理鹽水,分別配制濃度為560、280、140、28 μg/mL黃酮溶液,INH(濃度0.2 μg/mL)、REP(濃度1.0 μg/mL)、EMB(濃度5.0 μg/mL)、SM(濃度2.0μg/mL)溶液。(2)培養基制備:7H10瓊脂900 mL經高壓后冷卻至53 ℃左右,加入OADC營養液100 mL。混勻后置于分格板內,每格10 mL,并分別滴加1 mL藥物溶液制成含不同濃度的黃酮平板、含INH平板、含REP平板、含EMB平板、含SM平板,對照培養管(不含藥物的普通平板)滴加1 mL無菌生理鹽水。(3)菌懸液配置:挑取在羅氏培養基上培養的結核分枝桿菌臨床分離株和標準菌株菌落,利用無菌的0.5%吐溫80生理鹽水溶解稀釋,與標準麥氏濁度比濁,配成1 mg/mL的懸液,采用無菌的0.5%吐溫80生理鹽水10倍比稀釋,至接種濃度分別為10-2、10-4 mg/mL。(4)接種:采用標準接種環分別取0.01 mL菌液,分別接種到對照培養基及含藥培養基表面,接種菌液盡可能分散于培養基上。(5)培養:將接種后的培養基置于37 ℃環境中,培養4周,待對照培養管的菌體生長良好后,進行菌體藥物敏感性鑒定;若對照培養管菌體不生長,則需重新試驗。(6)結果判讀:37 ℃培養4周后觀察計數培養基上菌落生長情況,并計算耐藥百分比,耐藥百分比=(含藥培養基上菌落數/對照培養基上菌落數)×100%。耐藥百分比≥0.1%為耐藥,耐藥百分比<1.0%為敏感[10]。
1.2.2 黃酮和抗結核藥物協同抑菌試驗 根據步驟1.2.1的試驗結果,選取最適黃酮濃度,分別與0.2 μg/mL INH、1.0 μg/mL REP、5.0 μg/mL EMB、2.0 μg/mL SM溶液,配置成含黃酮及一線抗結核藥物的平板,按照步驟1.2.1的操作檢測各藥物的耐藥百分比。
1.2.3 細胞培養 將小鼠腹腔巨噬細胞濃度調整為1×109/L,接種于48孔板中,500 μL/孔,并分別加入500 μL RPMI-1640培養基(含100 mL/LFBS)及500 μL密度為1×1010/L的H37RV菌株;將細胞分為對照組、不同濃度黃酮組及INH組,對照組加入100 μL無菌生理鹽水,黃酮組分別加入560、280、140、28 μg/mL黃酮溶液100 μL,INH組加入0.2 μg/mL INH溶液100 μL,每組6個培養孔;置于37 ℃、5%CO2的培養箱培養5 h。endprint