姚鼐與袁枚詩學關系考論

潘務正

關鍵詞： 姚鼐；袁枚；性情；雅俗；天賦；人工

摘要： 姚鼐與袁枚的詩學論爭是嘉道之際詩壇的重要事件。二人雖有不錯的交情，但詩學觀卻有著較大的分歧。姚鼐代表的桐城詩學以理學為根基，提倡人品與詩品的統一；袁枚則反感理學，艷情是其性靈詩學的主要內容。袁枚提倡性靈，對俚俗表現出濃厚的興趣；姚鼐主張人品的純正，自然要求詩歌語言及情感格調高雅，對俗體詩表現出強烈的厭惡之情。性靈詩學注重天賦，輕視后天的努力，反對模擬；桐城詩學雖不忽視天賦，但更看重人工，主張由模擬求變化。姚鼐在與袁枚的詩學論爭中，凸顯了桐城詩學的特色，桐城詩派由此成長為嘉道以后詩壇的一股重要力量。

中圖分類號： I207.22

文獻標志碼： A

文章編號： 10012435（2017）04043008

Key words： Yao Nai； Yuan Mei；Disposition； Elegance and Vulgarity； Intelligence； Postnatal Effort

Abstract： It is an importantevent that the debate on poetics between Yao Nai and Yuan Mei in the periodfrom Jiaqing to Daoguang. There was a great disagreementon poetics among them although they had a good relationship. Yao Nai whorepresented Tongcheng Poetics urged the unity of poetic quality and moralquality， required the language and emotion of poetry should be elegant， so Hemanifested a strong dislike for popular poetry； while Yuan Mei who hated Li-Xue（a Confucian school of idealistphilosophy of the Song and Ming dynasties）promotednatural disposition and intelligence， displayed intense interest in vulgarthings but despised postnatal effort and opposed simulation. Tongcheng Poeticswhich valued postnatal effort more advocated making difference throughsimulation， even admitted the importance of intelligence. The characteristic ofTongcheng Poetics was prominent because of the debate between Yao and Yuan， andthen the Tongcheng Poetry School had become an important force among thedifferent schools of poetry writing after Jiaqing and Daoguang.

姚鼐自乾隆五十五年（1790）執教金陵鐘山書院，經常出入隨園，直至嘉慶二年（1797）袁枚逝世，兩人之間保持著頻繁而密切的交往。但姚鼐所代表的桐城詩學與袁枚的性靈詩學觀點不侔，矛盾不可避免。姚鼐在正式場合似乎并沒有讓這種分歧公開化，而是極有分寸地表達其崇敬之情；不過私下里卻時時流露出對詩學論敵的不滿，極為嚴厲地批判袁枚的詩學主張，并力圖清整性靈詩學的流弊。這段乾嘉之際詩壇上的重要交鋒得到前輩學者如劉世南先生的關注[1]342，本文在前賢基礎上，力求更為全面地展示二人之間的詩學關系。

一、 姚、袁交誼

姚、袁交誼，孟醒仁《桐城派三祖年譜》及鄭幸《袁枚年譜新編》有全面的考訂。……