高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解詞義猜測(cè)體會(huì)

趙康華

【摘要】 猜詞是英語(yǔ)閱讀的重要技巧，也是高考閱讀中必考的題型。它不但需要準(zhǔn)確無(wú)誤地理解上下文，而且要有較大的泛讀量，掌握或認(rèn)識(shí)較多的課外詞匯?？忌鷳?yīng)學(xué)會(huì)“順藤摸瓜”，通過構(gòu)詞、定義、同位、對(duì)比、因果、常識(shí)、同義、反義及上下文線索等來(lái)確定詞義。本文擬通過對(duì)高中英語(yǔ)閱讀中的詞義猜測(cè)的題型特點(diǎn)與命題方式、解題技巧進(jìn)行歸納、剖析，以期能對(duì)同學(xué)們的閱讀學(xué)習(xí)有所啟示。

【關(guān)鍵詞】 高考英語(yǔ) 閱讀理解

【中圖分類號(hào)】 G633.41 【文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼】 A 【文章編號(hào)】 1992-7711（2018）01-121-01

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1.根據(jù)定義解釋猜測(cè)詞義

我們經(jīng)常可以根據(jù)文章中的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)來(lái)推斷詞義。比如，破折號(hào)常常起解釋說(shuō)明的功能，冒號(hào)常常標(biāo)志著前后文有一種包含或者辯證關(guān)系。定義或作解釋的方法來(lái)定義或詮釋某一名詞或者概念是文章中經(jīng)常會(huì)出現(xiàn)的。這些定義常常與劃線詞位置關(guān)系很緊密，常用于下定義的詞或短語(yǔ)有：is， is called， be defined as， like， the same as， refer to， such， such as， like， for example/ instance， especially， include，that is to say， in other words…

【例1】【2015·江蘇高考，D】Some 2，500 years ago Greece discovered freedom. Before that there was no freedom. There were great civilizations， splendid empires， but no freedom anywhere. Egypt and Babylon were both tyrannies， one very powerful man ruling over helpless masses.

65.What does the underlined word “tyrannies” in Paragraph 2 refer to？

A.Countries where their people need help.

B.Powerful states with higher civilization.

C.Splendid empires where people enjoy freedom.

D.Governments ruled with absolute power.

【解析】畫線單詞后面部分為畫線單詞的同位語(yǔ)，對(duì)該單詞進(jìn)行解釋，意為“一個(gè)統(tǒng)治無(wú)助群體的強(qiáng)有力的人”，即“專政，暴君”，可知答案是D.

2.根據(jù)邏輯關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義

1） 轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系

事物之間是有聯(lián)系的，事件也是隨著事件的推移不斷發(fā)展的。這之中又常常會(huì)有“人死了，錢沒花了”這樣的矛盾所在，也就是我們說(shuō)的轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系。在英語(yǔ)閱讀文章中，也經(jīng)常會(huì)出現(xiàn)這樣的情況。表示轉(zhuǎn)折和對(duì)比關(guān)系的標(biāo)志性詞或短語(yǔ)有：but， however， yet， or， otherwise， while， though， on one hand…on the other hand， rather than， instead of.如：

【例2】【2016·湖北秭歸一中高考模擬】For example， we all have days like this： our dog has made a mess on the floor we just cleaned， or our friend called to tell us he or she couldnt come at the last minute when we had cooked dinner for him or her. We may be really angry but we tried to bear things like those.

The underlined word “bear” in Paragraph 2 means ________.

A. 糾正 B. 忍受 C. 銘記 D. 杜絕

【解析】前文中描述了兩種場(chǎng)景：狗狗把我們剛擦干凈的地板弄得一團(tuán)糟，朋友在我們準(zhǔn)備好晚飯后才告知不能來(lái)。這兩件事情是足以讓我們抓狂生氣的事情，但文章中的but一詞的出現(xiàn)說(shuō)明后面bear的意思是和angry是相反意義的詞。根據(jù)判斷，我們得知對(duì)這樣的事情我們可能會(huì)很生氣但是也應(yīng)該盡量去忍受，所以B為正確答案。

2）比較關(guān)系

有句話說(shuō)得好，“有比較就有鑒別”。中國(guó)的作家如此，英文作家也是如此，他們有時(shí)候會(huì)在表達(dá)一個(gè)態(tài)度的時(shí)候采用“對(duì)比”的方式，這時(shí)候就需要讀者有一雙發(fā)現(xiàn)“雙胞胎”的眼睛，給劃線詞找到它的“同胞兄弟”。表示比較關(guān)系的詞或短語(yǔ)主要有：similarly， like， just as， also， as well as等。如：

【例3】Green loves to talk， and his brothers are similarly loquacious.

【解析】該句中副詞similarly表明短語(yǔ)loves to talk與生詞loquacious之間為類比關(guān)系。以此可以推斷出loquacious詞義為“健談的”。

3）因果關(guān)系

佛家講凡事有“因果循環(huán)”。確實(shí)，事物的發(fā)展一定是先有因，后有果。而果又變成了下個(gè)事件的因，如此反復(fù)。不論是什么文體，在事件A和事件B中總是存在這樣的邏輯關(guān)系，如果我們能睜大眼睛看到文章的行文思路，弄清來(lái)龍去脈，不僅可以猜測(cè)出某些詞的含義，對(duì)于整段話及文章的思路也會(huì)有更好的把握。表示因果關(guān)系的詞或短語(yǔ)主要有：because， since， as， for， so， therefore， so…that…， such…that…， thus。 如：

【例4】Jake wasnt impressed with what he had done. “Stopping the bus，” he said， “was easy compared to playing Grand Theft Auto III，” his favorite video game. The bus driver was taken to the police station. He was at first charged （指控） with “l(fā)eaving a child alone while motor is running.” The lawyer said he hoped to upgrade the charge because of the number of children （twenty） on the bus.

4.What does the underlined word “upgrade” mean in the fourth paragraph？

A. 改變 B. 取消 C. 加重 D. 減輕

【解析】根據(jù)because后的原因——當(dāng)時(shí)有二十個(gè)學(xué)生在車上而不是一個(gè)，推測(cè)結(jié)果是律師要“升級(jí)、加重”對(duì)司機(jī)的指控，所以正確答案為C.

3.根據(jù)上下文關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義

1）有時(shí)候文章沒有明顯的標(biāo)志性提示詞，只有把前后文章讀懂，才能最終推斷出劃線詞的意思。此時(shí)一定要耐心和細(xì)心，我們來(lái)看一個(gè)例子：

【例5】【2015·四川高考，D】And it is not just robins that are being kept awake by artificial light. Blackbirds and seagulls are also being more nocturnal. Dr. Dominoni said， “In Glasgow where I live， gulls are a serious problem. I have people coming to me saying ‘You are the bird expert. Can you help us kill these gulls？. During the breeding （繁殖） season， between April and June， they are very active at night and very noisy and people can't sleep.”

44.What does the underlined word “nocturnal”in Paragraph 5 mean？

A.Active at night. B.Inactive at night.

C.Active during the day D.Inactive during the day.

【解析】根據(jù)畫線詞所在段中的“being kept awake”及“During the breeding （繁殖） season， between April and June， they are very active at night”可知，nocturnal的意思應(yīng)是“夜間活動(dòng)的”，故選A.

當(dāng)然，還有其它一些方法，比如，根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法、常識(shí)，也可以作出正確判斷。