尹曉華 劉重元 黃琳 羅葦如 肖玄 張志偉
摘 要:胃癌是一種我國最常見的消化道惡性腫瘤,嚴重威脅人們健康與生命。闡明胃癌發病的分子機制及獲得新的分子靶點對胃癌防治尤為重要。長鏈非編碼RNAs的發現對深入闡明胃癌發病的分子機制及發現新的分子標志物提供了可能。本文對lncRNAs在胃癌中的表達以及對胃癌的生長增殖、轉移、耐藥與預后等研究進行綜述。
關鍵詞:胃癌;lncRNAs;生物標志物;表達調控
中圖分類號:R318 文獻標識碼:A DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2018.03.004
文章編號:1006-1959(2018)03-0010-03
Abstract:Gastric cancer is one of the most common gastrointestinal malignancies in our country,which seriously threatens people's health and life.To clarify the molecular mechanism of gastric cancer and obtain new molecular targets for the prevention and treatment of gastric cancer is particularly important.The discovery of long non-coding RNAs has made it possible to further elucidate the molecular mechanism of gastric cancer and find new molecular markers.In this paper,the expression of lncRNAs in gastric cancer and the growth,proliferation,metastasis,drug resistance and prognosis of gastric cancer were reviewed.
Key words:Gastric cancer;lncRNAs;Biomarkers;Regulation of expression
我國人群中胃癌的發生率及死亡率均居消化道惡性腫瘤之首,是目前嚴重威脅人們健康與生命的最常見惡性腫瘤之一。胃癌的發病與多基因參與、多因素相互作用及多步驟演進等密切相關。然而,至今胃癌發生的分子機制仍有待深入研究?,F今,長鏈非編碼RNAs(long non-coding RNAs,lncRNAs)的研究成為了胃癌研究的熱點之一。大量的研究顯示,胃癌發病過程中存在許多lncRNAs的異常調控,現綜述如下。
1何謂lncRNAs
lncRNAs是一種超過200個核苷酸且不能翻譯成蛋白質的RNA,其在細胞中發揮許多重要作用。目前,人們對lncRNAs在細胞中的作用及相關的功能了解甚少。以往的研究認為lncRNAs為轉錄的“雜質”,隨著研究的深入發現lncRNAs在細胞內具有許多不同的生物學功能,其在多種惡性腫瘤中呈現低表達,參與腫瘤的發生發展[1]。細胞內miRNAs可靶向沉默基因表達,而lncRNA則抑制基因的沉默。lncRNA通過與miRNA相互作用調節基因的表達。lncRNA是調節miRNA與轉錄因子作用的關鍵內源性RNA。lncRNA、miRNA與蛋白質間相互作用的失調,可誘發腫瘤發生。因此,揭示lncRNAs在腫瘤中的作用將為闡明其發病機理提供理論依據。
2胃癌中lncRNAs表達調節
胃癌中存在多種lncRNAs的表達異常,多種lncRNAs在胃癌中呈現低表達,且與胃癌侵襲、淋巴道及遠處轉移、TNM分期有關。lncRNA FENDRR在胃癌中高表達后,使MMP2/MMP9和FN1表達下調,從而抑制癌細胞的遷移與侵襲[2]。血清和胃液中lncRNAs表達存在差異,如lncRNA LSINCT-5 和 lncRNA PTENP1在胃癌患者血清中表達下調。lncRNA AA174084在胃癌患者的胃液中高表達。lncRNA H19在胃癌患者血清中表達上調,術后表達下調。C-myc可誘導lncRNA H19表達,且與胃癌中lncRNA H19表達呈正相關。lncRNA H19直接誘導胃癌中ISM1蛋白表達,間接上調miR-675后抑制RUNX1蛋白表達[3]。lncRNA H19表達可促進胃癌的增殖、侵襲和轉移[4]。lncRNA GAS5通過調節胃癌中E2F1和P21表達,通過促進細胞凋亡抑制細胞增殖。lncRNA MEG3可調控胃癌中P53表達,誘導細胞凋亡,抑制細胞增殖,且與腫塊大小、浸潤深度及TNM分期相關[5]。
3 lncRNAs表達調節胃癌生長增殖
許多lncRNAs參與了胃癌細胞的生長增殖。lncRNA PVT1在胃癌組織中呈現高表達,而敲低癌細胞中lncRNA PVT1表達后則抑制癌細胞的增殖。lncRNA PVT1靶向抑制EZH2表達,抑制p15/p16功能,而促進細胞周期[6]。lncRNA SPRY4-IT1在胃癌組織中呈現高表達,其靶向調控細胞中cyclinD1、MMP2及MMP9表達,調節細胞生長增殖、遷移及侵襲[7]。lncRNA GAS5在胃癌組織中呈現低表達,其調控細胞中E2F1和 P21表達,誘導細胞凋亡,抑制細胞生長增殖。lncRNA GHET1靶向調節IGF2BP1,影響IGF2BP1對c-myc mRNA表達的調節,促進胃癌細胞生長增殖[8]。lncRNA HULC在胃癌中活化自噬,抑制細胞凋亡[9]。lncRNA ANRIL在胃癌組織中高表達,其表達與腫塊大小、TNM分期有關,降低lncRNA ANRIL表達可抑制胃癌細胞增殖[10]。lncRNA TUSC7可抑制miR-23b表達,降低miR-23b促進胃癌細胞增殖的能力[11]。細胞內miRNAs與lncRNAs可以相互調控其表達。在胃癌細胞中miR-331-3p和miR-124可直接靶向lncRNA HOTAIR,而lncRNA HOTAIR通過miR-331-3p可調控HER2 mRNA表達。miR-129-5p在胃癌細胞靶向下調lncRNA AC130710表達[12]。
4 lncRNAs表達參與胃癌轉移
lncRNAs在胃癌細胞轉移中也同樣發揮作用。lncRNA HOTAIR表達后促進裸鼠異種移植瘤中胃癌細胞的轉移。lncRNA HOTAIR為miR-331-3p和miR-124靶點,且可能是內源性RNAs競爭性抑制劑[13]。lncRNA H19在胃癌中呈現高表達,靶向促進ISM1表達,且與ISM1表達呈正相關,同時間接促進miR-675表達,誘導miR-675靶向調節CALN1表達,促進胃癌細胞的轉移[4-5]。lncRNA AK058003介導缺氧狀態中SNCG基因表達上調,而促進胃癌細胞的轉移。lncRNA HULC促進胃癌細胞侵襲和遷移,敲低lncRNA HULC表達后逆轉胃癌細胞的上皮間質轉化,其在胃癌上皮間質轉化調控中起調控作用[13]。lncRNA FENDRR下調胃癌細胞中FN1和MMP2/MMP9蛋白表達,抑制細胞的侵襲和轉移[3]。lncRNA linc-UBC1高表達與淋巴結轉移相關,且lncRNA linc-UBC1抑制劑可抑制胃癌細胞的侵襲力[14]。沉默lncRNA SDMGC 或lncRNA TRIM16表達后,胃癌細胞的侵襲和遷移能力降低,而上調lncRNA SDMGC 或lncRNA TRIM16表達后,胃癌細胞侵襲和遷移能力增加[15]。lncRNAs參與腫瘤血管生成的調控,如lncRNA MALAT1促進人內皮細胞血管的生長,從而可激活血管生成[16]。
5 lncRNAs表達參與胃癌耐藥
lncRNAs表達也與胃癌耐藥的形成密切相關。lncRNA PVT1在胃癌組織中呈現高表達現象,同時其在紫杉醇耐藥胃癌SGC7901細胞中也高表達。lncRNA PVT1在SGC7901細胞對紫杉醇耐藥過程中發揮一定的作用。胃癌SGC7901細胞產生多種化療藥耐藥后,lncRNA MRUL表達增加,而敲低lncRNA MRUL表達后,細胞對藥物的敏感性明顯增加,阿霉素或長春新堿誘導細胞凋亡也增加[17]。lncRNA AK022798參與胃癌細胞對順鉑耐藥,且誘導Notch1在耐藥胃癌細胞中高表達。lncRNA LEIGC在胃癌表達后誘導細胞凋亡,抑制細胞增殖,增加5-氟尿嘧啶的化療敏感性,而抑制lncRNA LEIGC表達后則與之相反。lncRNA AK022798表達上調可增加MRP1和P-GP蛋白表達,使細胞對順鉑的敏感性降低,細胞產生耐藥,表明lncRNA AK022798可能在誘導胃癌細胞耐藥中起十分重要的作用[18]。
6 lncRNAs表達與胃癌患者預后
多種lncRNAs的異常表達與胃癌患者預后有關。lncRNAs表達異常與腫塊大小、分化程度、病理分級、淋巴道轉移及TNM分期等有關,如SUMO1P3、LINC00152、HMl、lncRNA 717、FER1L4、ABHD11-AS1、AC138128.1、CCAT1、HIF1A-AS2等。lncRNAs表達異常涉及癌細胞的生長增殖、轉移及耐藥等,且提示患者不良預后。lncRNA GAPLINC可促進胃癌的侵襲,其高表達后患者提示不良預后[19]。lncRNA GAPLINC調節miR-211-3p 靶向性誘導CD44的表達,使胃癌細胞呈現干細胞特性,與患者預后不良也相關。另外,lncRNA ANRIL可與PRC2結合,且在胃癌組織中表達上調,敲低ANRIL可抑制胃癌細胞增殖。lncRNA ANRIL通過沉默miR-99a/miR-449a促進癌細胞生長,lncRNA ANRIL高表達提示患者不良預后[11]。lncRNA HOTAIR在胃癌中高表達同樣表示不良預后。lncRNA HOTAIR作為一種競爭性內源性RNA通過miR-331-3p GC結構域調節HER2的表達[14]。
7展望
lncRNAs在腫瘤發病過程中發揮重要的作用,其與miRNA、mRNA等序列相互作用,調節癌基因或抑癌基因的表達,發揮促癌或抑癌的作用。lncRNAs在胃癌中的異常表達,使其可能成為用于胃癌診斷的新方法,尤其是早期胃癌的診斷。患者血液、胃液、尿液中的lncRNAs發現與應用,因無創且容易樣本將被廣泛接受與推廣。lncRNAs表達與涉及患者預后,有望成為腫瘤治療及預后判定的新指標,為胃癌個性化治療提供依據。lncRNAs具有多態性,特定lncRNAs多態性研究將逐漸成為腫瘤研究的熱點。
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收稿日期:2017-12-25;修回日期:2017-12-26
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