猜詞—成功閱讀的基石

摘要： 詞匯是貫穿英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的重中之重，英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中，學(xué)會(huì)應(yīng)用一些技巧猜測(cè)詞義，是學(xué)生正確理解文章，提高閱讀能力的基石。

關(guān)鍵詞： 語(yǔ)境 語(yǔ)法 句法 構(gòu)詞法

詞匯是語(yǔ)言最基本的要素，英語(yǔ)教學(xué)離不開詞匯教學(xué)。學(xué)生在閱讀文章經(jīng)常會(huì)碰到一些生詞或是熟詞生義的單詞，不可能全部依賴字典，這就需要學(xué)生通過(guò)一些技巧來(lái)猜測(cè)詞義，從而達(dá)到有效閱讀的目的。熟詞生義也是近年高考的考查要點(diǎn)，而學(xué)生的得分率卻比較低。如何猜測(cè)詞在文章中的正確含義，需要學(xué)生學(xué)會(huì)在閱讀過(guò)程中根據(jù)閱讀材料提供的背景知識(shí)和相關(guān)信息，進(jìn)行分析、推敲，而不可僅僅憑借自己所了解的詞義來(lái)確定其意思，那么如何進(jìn)行有效性猜詞，以下幾種方法對(duì)學(xué)生將有所幫助。

一、利用上下文語(yǔ)境猜測(cè)詞義

一. ，例如：

Some need coffee in the morning. I need the newspaper， except when Im on vacation. Then I trade the routine for coffee， unless the hotel hangs a newspaper on my door.

題目：The underlined part “the routine” refers to _________.

A. reading the newspaper B. surfing the Internet

C. eating bread for breakfast D. hanging a newspaper on the door

我每天看報(bào)紙，除非度假。可見我的常規(guī)就是看報(bào)紙，除非度假時(shí)只好用喝咖啡取代看報(bào)紙。故選擇A.

又如：Scientists in Israel have discovered a new way to test for water pollution by “l(fā)istening to” what the plants growing in water have to say. By shining a laser beam on the tiny pieces of algae floating in the water， the researchers said they hear sound waves that tell them the type and amount of contamination in the water.

題目：The underlined word “contamination” in Paragraph1 probably means______

A. pollution B. oxygen C. waste D. population

選擇A。上文說(shuō)發(fā)現(xiàn)一種通過(guò)聽水中植物的聲音來(lái)檢測(cè)水污染，后面研究人員說(shuō)他們通過(guò)聲波知道水中污染的類型和數(shù)量，可見contamination 與pollution 同義。

二、利用文中的舉例猜測(cè)詞義。

二. 常見的舉例提示詞有：for example， such as， for instance ，like等。如：

Although the hazards of the trip were many –for example， the unbearable heat， the lack of water， the possibility of getting lost， the presence of wild animals and poisonous snakes---Collins nevertheless decided that she must go.

The underlined word “hazards” in Paragraph1 probably means______

A. pleasures B. conveniences C. dangers D. equipment

從for example 后面舉的例子，如高溫，缺水，迷路，遇見野獸，毒蛇，可知這些都是旅程中遇到的危險(xiǎn)。

三. 三、利用文中的反義詞猜測(cè)詞義。表示對(duì)比的詞如but， while， however， otherwise 等。

如： It leads men to eat more light meals， such as salads， fruit and vegetables， while women choose to make creamer， heavier dishes like curry or rich pasta sauces， which may please their partners.

The underlined word “l(fā)ight” in Paragraph 4 probably means______.

A. not very heavy in weight B. less in fat and sugar

C. gentle D. not serious or important

從下文（while）女性選擇口味重的飲食，推出前一句講男性吃清淡口味（B）。

四、利用文中說(shuō)明詞義的同位語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ)，猜測(cè)詞義，有時(shí)也會(huì)用破折號(hào)提示

四. 。如：

Nearby is the race course， where the towns most famous car race is held each year on May 30th.

The underlined word “course” in Paragraph 4 probably means______.

A. 過(guò)程 B. 課程 C. 航線 D. 跑道

從文中where引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句修飾course， 推測(cè)course應(yīng)是汽車賽舉行的地點(diǎn)（D）。

五、

又如：They will be on the night shift –from midnight to 6 am.—next week.

破折號(hào)解釋night shift 的意思是從午夜到早上6點(diǎn)，應(yīng)是“夜班”。

五. 利用下文下定義的句子來(lái)猜測(cè)詞義。

Winter in many places means ice skating， sledding and snowball fights. But unless someone

is prepared， outdoor fun can also mean frostbite. Today we talk about how to stay warm， dry and safe. Frostbite is damage that happens when skin is exposed to extreme cold for too long. It mainly happens on the hands， feet， nose and ears.

The underlined word “frostbite” most probably means_________.

A. injured by freezing B. damage by sweating

C. injure by cutting D. damage by hitting

從下句“Frostbite is damage that happens when skin is exposed to extreme cold for too long.”這是對(duì)frostbite 下定義，所以明顯是凍傷。

六. 六、利用句間關(guān)系，也就是句法來(lái)判斷。

句與句之間的關(guān)系共有五大類：因果關(guān)系，比較關(guān)系，否定關(guān)系，轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系和并列關(guān)

系。有時(shí)候句子中某個(gè)單詞不認(rèn)識(shí)，卻可以通過(guò)句法判斷出來(lái)。

如：A good manager can recognize instantly the adept workers from unskilled ones. 通過(guò)對(duì)比，不難猜出“adept”的意思與“unskilled”正相反。又如：The teacher did not hear the knock at the door because he was completely engrossed in his reading. 這兩分句明顯是因果關(guān)系，通過(guò)“沒聽到敲門聲”推斷出原因是“被吸引，投入的”。

總之，詞匯一直是貫穿英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的重中之重，教師可以引導(dǎo)學(xué)生在閱讀時(shí)，應(yīng)用猜測(cè)

詞義的方法，發(fā)現(xiàn)規(guī)律，尋找技巧，從而積累詞匯，正確理解文章，最終達(dá)到有效閱讀的目的。

參考文獻(xiàn)：

1. Stern H.H.Fundamental Concepts of language Teaching. Oxford； Oxford University Press， 1983

2.《中學(xué)生英語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究》2011 第9期

作者：王美珍

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