付敏郡,胡 郎,趙亞亞,蔣珍秀,劉 寧
卒中是目前世界上第三大死亡原因,好發于中老年人,具有發病率高、病死率高、致殘率高等特點。急性缺血性卒中(AIS)是卒中的主要類型,會危及患者的生命安全,影響患者的生活質量。腦白質疏松癥(LA)又稱腦白質高信號,是指分布于腦室周圍、大腦皮質下白質及半卵圓中心的彌漫性病灶或散在病灶[1]。研究表明,LA是缺血性卒中、腦出血及癡呆的獨立危險因素[2]。目前,LA對AIS患者影響的研究報道較多,但尚存在較大爭議[3]。本研究采用Meta分析方法評估LA對AIS患者的影響,旨在為臨床診療提供參考。
1.1 文獻納入與排除標準
1.1.1 文獻納入標準 (1)研究類型:病例對照研究。(2)研究對象:符合《各類腦血管疾病診斷要點》[4]中的AIS診斷標準,經顱腦CT或MRI檢查確診;發病時間≤1周;性別、年齡不限。(3)暴露因素:經顱腦CT或MRI檢查證實存在LA,有明確的LA嚴重程度分級方法。(4)結局指標:改良Rankin量表(mRS)評分、Barthel指數(BI)評分、顱內出血轉化發生率、癥狀性顱內出血[5]發生率、病死率、卒中復發率及血管再通率。
1.1.2 文獻排除標準 (1)重復文獻;(2)文獻質量較差或存在數據雷同等無法利用的文獻;(3)原始數據不完整的文獻;(4)綜述;(5)基礎研究。
1.2 檢 索 策 略 計 算 機 檢 索 PubMed、EMBase、Web of Science(WOS)、The Cochrane Library、萬方數據知識服務平臺、中國生物醫學文獻數據庫(CBM)和中國知網(CNKI)等,檢索時間為建庫至2017-11-30。中文檢索詞為“腦白質疏松癥、腦白質高信號、腦白質損傷、腦小血管病、急性缺血性腦卒中、急性腦梗死”;英文檢索詞為“leukoaraiosis、white matter hyperintensities、cerebral small vascular diseases、white matter lesions、acute ischemic stroke”。
1.3 數據提取 由2位研究人員根據文獻納入與排除標準獨立篩選文獻、提取信息并進行方法學質量評價,如遇分歧則討論解決或交由第三方裁定。依據PICO原則(P:研究對象;I:干預措施;C:對照;O:結局指標)設計信息提取表,提取內容包括文獻的基本信息(第一作者、發表年份)、受試人群基本特征(例數、中位年齡)、干預措施、結局指標。
1.4 文獻質量評價 采用紐卡斯爾-渥太華量表(NOS)[6]進行文獻質量評價,從對象選擇、可比性、結局和暴露3方面進行評價,滿分9分,NOS評分5~9分為文獻質量較高。
1.5 統計學方法 采用RevMan 5.3軟件進行Meta分析,計數資料采用OR及其95%CI進行分析,計量資料采用MD及其95%CI進行分析。各文獻間統計學異質性分析采用χ2檢驗,I2>50%且P<0.1表明各文獻間有統計學異質性,采用隨機效應模型進行Meta分析;I2≤50%且P≥0.1表明各文獻間無統計學異質性,采用固定效應模型進行Meta分析。繪制倒漏斗圖以分析發表偏倚。以P<0.05為差異有統計學意義。
2.1 檢索結果及納入文獻質量評價 共檢索相關文獻988篇,排除重復文獻311篇,閱讀文題及摘要后排除612篇文獻,閱讀全文后排除36篇文獻,最終納入29篇文獻[7-35],其中英文文獻28篇,中文文獻1篇,包括15 883例患者,NOS評分均≥6分,文獻質量較高,詳見表1。文獻篩選流程見圖1。

表1 納入文獻的基本特征及質量評價Table 1 Basic characteristics and quality evaluation of the involved literatures
2.2 Meta分析結果
2.2.1 mRS 評 分 17 篇 文 獻[9-10,13,17,19-23,25-26,28-33]報道了mRS評分,各文獻間有統計學異質性(P<0.000 01,I2=81%),采用隨機效應模型進行Meta分析;結果顯示,有LA組患者mRS評分高于無LA組,差異有統計學意義〔MD=1.71,95%CI(1.29,2.27),P=0.000 2,見圖 2〕。
2.2.2 BI評分 3 篇文獻[12,30,33]報道了 BI評分,各文獻間無統計學異質性(P=0.47,I2=0%),采用固定效應模型進行Meta分析;結果顯示,有LA組患者BI評分低于無LA組,差異有統計學意義〔MD=2.51,95%CI(1.62,3.88),P<0.000 1,見圖 3〕。
2.2.3 顱內出血轉化發生率 5 篇文獻[7,9,15,24,27]報道了顱內出血轉化發生率,各文獻間無統計學異質性(P=0.19,I2=34%),采用固定效應模型進行Meta分析;結果顯示,有LA組患者顱內出血轉化發生率高于無LA組,差異有統計學意義〔OR=1.34,95%CI(1.15,1.58),P=0.000 3,見圖 4〕。
2.2.4 癥狀性顱內出血發生率 5 篇文獻[16,18,29,34-35]報道了癥狀性顱內出血發生率,各文獻間無統計學異質性(P=0.13,I2=43%),采用固定效應模型進行Meta分析;結果顯示,有LA組患者癥狀性顱內出血發生率高于無LA組,差異有統計學意義〔OR=1.69,95%CI(1.31,2.19),P<0.000 1,見圖 5〕。
2.2.5 病死率 4 篇文獻[9,11,25,33]報道了病死率,各文獻間有統計學異質性(P=0.004,I2=77%),采用隨機效應模型進行Meta分析;結果顯示,兩組患者病死率比較,差異無統計學意義〔OR=1.11,95%CI(0.66,1.85),P=0.69,見圖 6〕。
2.2.6 卒中復發率 2 篇文獻[8,14]報道了卒中復發率,各文獻間無統計學異質性(P=0.41,I2=0%),采用固定效應模型進行Meta分析;結果顯示,有LA組患者卒中復發率高于無LA 組,差異有統計學意義〔OR=1.55,95%CI(1.26,1.91),P<0.000 1,見圖 7〕。
2.2.7 血管再通率 2 篇文獻[9,25]報道了血管再通率,各文獻間無統計學異質性(P=0.39,I2=0%),采用固定效應模型進行Meta分析;兩組患者血管再通率比較,差異無統計學意義〔OR=1.04,95%CI(0.74,1.45),P=0.83,見圖 8〕。
2.3 發表偏倚 繪制倒漏斗圖分析報道mRS評分文獻的發表偏倚,結果顯示,散點分布不對稱,多數散點位于中下部,提示報道mRS評分文獻的發表偏倚可能較大(見圖9)。因報道其他結局指標的文獻數量較少,倒漏斗圖分析誤差較大,故未繪制倒漏斗圖。

圖1 文獻篩選流程Figure 1 Flow chart for literature screening

圖2 無/有LA組患者mRS評分比較的森林圖Figure 2 Forest plot for comparison of mRS score in patients with leukoaraiosis or not

圖3 無/有LA組患者BI評分比較的森林圖Figure 3 Forest plot for comparison of BI score between without LA group and LA group

圖4 無/有LA組患者顱內出血轉化發生率比較的森林圖Figure 4 Forest plot for comparison of incidence of intracranial hemorrhagic transformation in patients with leukoaraiosis or not

圖5 無/有LA組患者癥狀性顱內出血發生率比較的森林圖Figure 5 Forest plot for comparison of incidence of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage in patients with leukoaraiosis or not

圖6 無/有LA組患者病死率比較的森林圖Figure 6 Forest plot for comparison of fatality rate in patients with leukoaraiosis or not

圖7 無/有LA組患者卒中復發率比較的森林圖Figure 7 Forest plot for comparison of recurrent rate of stroke in patients with leukoaraiosis or not
LA是由Hachinski在1987年首次提出的一個影像學診斷術語,用來描述腦皮質下白質CT密度灶,多見于老年人[36]。LA在T2加權像與液體衰減反轉恢復(FLAIR)序列表現為白質高信號,病變部位小血管管壁出現增厚、透明樣變,導致血管曲折、狹窄,造成管腔內血流量減少,不利于卒中患者側支循環的建立[2]。LIN等[37]研究結果顯示,非癡呆人群LA發生率約為73.0%,40~80歲住院患者LA發生率約為58.3%,>80歲住院患者LA發生率約為82.7%。研究表明,LA與癡呆、殘疾、卒中等關系密切[38]。多項研究表明,LA是腦小血管相關性疾病,主要病理表現為不同程度的髓鞘和軸突脫失、小動脈硬化和輕微的神經膠質細胞增生等[39-40]。

圖8 無/有LA組患者血管再通率比較的森林圖Figure 8 Forest plot for comparison of vascular recanalization rate in patients with leukoaraiosis or not

圖9 報道mRS評分文獻發表偏倚的倒漏斗圖Figure 9 Inverted funnel plot for publication bias of involved literatures reported mRS score
AIS合并LA患者上皮細胞、星形膠質細胞損傷及氧化應激反應會破壞血管內皮細胞完整性,使血-腦脊液屏障通透性增加,同時LA區域腦微循環長期損傷會誘發缺血組織出血轉化[41-42]。研究表明,卒中后梗死灶面積擴大會影響患者預后,而LA是梗死灶面積擴大的獨立危險因素[3]。RYU等[43]通過對5 000例卒中患者進行研究發現,卒中合并LA患者神經功能損傷較重,且治療3個月后患者神經功能改善效果較差。SENDA等[44]研究表明,AIS合并LA患者神經功能損傷較重、認知功能較差,會嚴重影響患者的生活質量。多項研究表明,有LA的卒中患者溶栓治療后出血轉化發生率高于無LA的卒中患者[45-47]。KUMRAL等[48]研究表明,AIS合并LA患者卒中復發率高于未合并LA者。
本Meta分析結果顯示,有LA組患者mRS評分高于無LA組,提示AIS合并LA患者神經功能損傷較重;有LA組患者BI評分低于無LA組,提示AIS合并LA患者日常生活活動能力較差;有LA組患者顱內出血轉化發生率、癥狀性顱內出血發生率、卒中復發率高于無LA組,與既往研究結果一致[8],提示AIS合并LA患者顱內出血轉化發生率、癥狀性顱內出血發生率、卒中復發率較高;兩組患者病死率、血管再通率間無差異,與既往研究結果一致[49]。
本Meta分析的局限性:(1)納入文獻均為病例對照研究,且多為單中心研究,可能降低結果的可信性;(2)納入文獻均為已發表文獻,未檢索相關會議論文等,可能對研究結果產生一定影響。
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