馬道森
【摘要】 定語從句關系副詞是中學階段英語語法的難點,很多學生把關系副詞和關系代詞混為一談。比如他們不理解同樣的先行詞the days 為什么有些時候后面用when ,有些時候用that或which;先行詞the reason也一樣,后面有時用why,有時用that或which。這些問題經常會困擾學生,百思不得其解。為解決這些疑難,本文從句子結構分析的角度,分析了定語從句三個狀語及對應的關系副詞的特點并提供了相關題目的解題方法和思路。
【關鍵詞】 定語從句 關系副詞 關系代詞
【中圖分類號】 G633.41 【文獻標識碼】 A 【文章編號】 1992-7711(2018)03-186-02
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一、定語從句的關系副詞
在復合句中,修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。定語從句所修飾的詞叫先行詞。 引導定語從句的詞叫做關系詞,根據關系詞在定語從句中的作用即充當的句子成分,可以分為關系代詞和關系副詞兩種。關系代詞主要有who, whom, which, that, whose 等;關系副詞主要有when, where, why,本文重點講述關系副詞的用法。
二、關系副詞的作用
副詞和狀語都是漢語詞匯。狀語,即表示動詞的狀態、地點、時間、程度、原因等的修飾成分。作狀語的詞叫做副詞。關系副詞用來聯系定語從句,在定語從句中作狀語,when,where, why 分別作時間狀語,地點狀語和原因狀語。
以下面句子為例:
Marys fatherwas lying on the bed at 5:00 yesterday afternoon for his illness.
定語 主語 謂語 地點狀語 時間狀語 原因 狀語
句子中,三個狀語分別是地點狀語、時間狀語、和原因狀語。鑒于很多學生關于句子結構的知識比較薄弱,我們可以給學生一定數量的句子成分分析的練習題,通過一定數量的練習以后,學生就會熟練分析句子結構了,然后就可以由易到難,循序漸進,從簡單句過渡到復合句,進而分析復合句的組成部分,通過題目來引入關系代詞和關系副詞知識。
三、關系副詞的運用
定語從句的關系副詞只有三個,作時間狀語的的when,作地點狀語的where 和作原因狀語的why。 下面通過組句練習來說明復合句的構成。例如:
(1 ) He came to the meeting late , for he overslept.
原因狀語
(2) The reason was that he overslept.
——The reason why he came to the meeting late was that he overslept.
why = for he over slept
(3) I will never forget the days.
(4) we stayed in that lonely village during the days.
時間狀語
when= during the days.
——I will never forget the days when we stayed in that lonely village.
(5).Finally the troops arrived in a small town.
(6).The troops planned to spend the night in the town.
地點狀語
——Finally the troops arrived in a small town where they planned to spend the night.
where = in the town
可以看出,三種狀語 都是由介詞+ 先行詞組成的。先行詞是指原因,地點或者時間的名詞,這個名詞可以用關系代詞which/that代替,所以,我們總結出最后結論,定語從句的
關系副詞 (where/when/ why) = 介詞+先行詞 = 介詞+ which. 注意:that 不能放在介詞后面做介詞的賓語。
四、易錯題目解析
下面就用如上結論來分析一些定語從句的易錯題目:
(1). He lives in a hotel, is only half an hours walk from here.
A. thatB. whichC. in which D. where
解析:本題 hotel 是先行詞, 將先行詞帶入定語從句 the hotel is only half an hours walk from here. 句子完整。 上面說過,先行詞用關系代詞which代替(非限制性定語從句關系代詞指物時,只能用which),所以答案是B.
(2) The workers finally cut the tree, Julie Baker could see the beautiful sunrise and sunset
A. that B. which C. who D. where
解析:本題 the tree 是先行詞,把它帶入定語從句,句子不完整,需要加介詞on,成為如下句子:
Julie Baker could see the beautiful sunrise and sunset on the tree (地點狀語)
用which 代替先行詞 即成為 on which, 把on which 置于Julie Baker 前:
The workers finally cut the tree, on which Julie Baker could see the beautiful sunrise and sunset.
根據上面的推論。 where = on which
得出正確答案:D
3. Betty will never forget the days she spent with her father in Shanghai.
A. when B. on whichC. on that D. that
解析:本題 很多同學會因慣性思維的影響,看到the days 馬上就選擇了A 答案。下面分析一下存在什么問題:
本題先行詞 the days. 把它帶入定語從句,可構成一個意思正確、結構完整的句子
She spent the days with her father in Shanghai.
Spent 是及物動詞,the days 是賓語,構成動賓結構。
上文講到 指物的先行詞可以用關系代詞that/ which ,故正確答案為:D
4. Betty will never forget the days she studied in America.
A.during whichC. during thatC. whichD. that
解析: 本題先行詞 the days. 把the days 帶入定語從句,我們發現,無法構成完整句子,需根據意義添加介詞 during 或者in, 即:
She studied in America during the days. (時間狀語)
先行詞用關系代詞which或that 代替,我們得到答案 during which. 故正確答案:A
(that 不能放在介詞后面做介詞的賓語)
5. The reason he explained to me was not convincing.
A. that B. why C. for which D. for that
解析: 學生易選B。我們驗證一下:
把the reason 帶入定語從句,可以構成完整的句子:
he explained the reason to me.
后面的定語從句缺的不是原因狀語,而是explained 的賓語,指物并作賓語我們用關系代詞that/ which. 到此,我們得出正確答案:A
6. The reason he was absent was that he was ill.
A. why B. whichC. that D. for that
解析: 先行詞同樣是the reason, 現在我們把它帶入定語從句:
he was absent for the reason(原因狀語)
先行詞用關系代詞that/ which 代替,因that 不能放在介詞后面做賓語,我們得出空格處應填 for which,原因狀語用關系副詞why. 即 why = for which . 到此,得出正確答案:A
六、結語
本文運用分析句子結構的方法系統闡述了定語從句關系副詞的結構特征,并運用分析結果成功解決了中學階段定語從句方面的疑難題目。本文研究結果表明,定語從句關系副詞when/where/ why 都可以分解為介詞+ 先行詞兩部分。判斷空格處應填關系代詞還是關系副詞的標準是看先行詞能否直接作定語從句的句子成分,如果能則應填關系代詞;如果不能則需填入關系副詞。盡管這部分知識是中學階段語法難點,通過詳細的講解和足夠的練習,學生定能熟練掌握和運用。