馬光 徐輝 馬紅亮
[摘要] 目的 探討托特羅定聯合雌激素治療成年女性膀胱過度活動癥(OAB)對患者自由尿流率的影響。 方法 選擇2012年9月~2014年9月在承德醫學院附屬醫院泌尿外科、腎臟內科和婦科以尿頻、尿急就診的女性OAB患者144例作為研究對象,根據隨機信封抽簽原則分為對照組與觀察組,每組各72例。對照組給予雌激素治療,觀察組在對照組治療的基礎上給予托特羅定治療,兩組均治療3個月。比較兩組治療后臨床療效、不良反應、自由尿流率、夜間排尿次數及尿急次數。 結果 治療后觀察組總有效率(98.6%)高于對照組(84.7%),差異有統計學意義(P < 0.05)。治療前兩組自由尿流率、夜間排尿次數與尿急次數比較,差異均無統計學意義(P > 0.05);治療后兩組自由尿流率均高于治療前,夜間排尿次數與尿急次數均低于治療前,且治療后觀察組上述指標改善更加顯著,差異均有統計學意義(均P < 0.05)。治療期間觀察組口干、便秘等不良反應發生率均低于對照組,但差異無統計學意義(P > 0.05)。 結論 托特羅定聯合雌激素治療成年女性OAB能提高患者的自由尿流率,改善臨床癥狀,提高治療效果,且有很好的安全性,值得臨床推廣應用。
[關鍵詞] 托特羅定;雌激素;成年女性;膀胱過度活動癥;自由尿流率
[中圖分類號] R694 [文獻標識碼] A [文章編號] 1673-7210(2018)03(c)-0049-04
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the free urine flow rate of tolterodine combined with estrogen in the treatment of adult female patients with overactive bladder (OAB). Methods From September 2012 to September 2014, 144 cases of OAB patients with frequent micturition and urgency treated in the Department of Urology, Nephrology and Gynecology of Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College were selected as the research object and divided into the observation group and the control group accorded to the random draw envelope principle, with 72 cases in each group. The control group was given estrogen therapy, while the observation group was given tolterodine combined with estrogen. Both groups were treated for 3 months. The therapeutic effects, adverse reactions, the free urine flow rate, frequency of urination and urgency at night between the two groups were compared. Results After treatment, the total effective rate in the observation group (98.6%) was higher than that of control group (84.7%), with statistically significant difference (P < 0.05). Before treatment, there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in the free urine flow rate, frequency of urination and urgency at night (P > 0.05). After treatment, the free urine flow rate in both groups were all higher than those of before treatment, the symptoms of frequency of urination and urgency at night in both groups were lower than those of before treatment, and the indicators above in the observation group improved much more remarkably, with statistically significant differences (all P < 0.05). During the treatment, the incidence of adverse reactions such as dry mouth and constipation in the observation group were lower than those of control group, but with no significant differences (P > 0.05). Conclusion Tolterodine combined with estrogen in the treatment of adult female patients with OAB can increase the free urine flow rate, improve the clinical symptoms, promote the curative effect and has good security. It is worthy of clinical promotion and application.
[Key words] Tolterodine; Estrogen; Adult female; Overactive bladder; Urine flow rate
膀胱過度活動癥(overactive bladder,OAB)是一種以尿急癥狀為特征的征候群,主要發病于成年女性,常伴有尿頻和夜尿癥狀[1-2]。OAB具體病因還未明確,尿動力學分析為逼尿肌過度活動和自由尿流率明顯異常,從而導致排尿功能性障礙[3-4]。OAB的病因復雜,目前國內基于ICS最新定義的OAB標準確定的OAB在不同年齡和性別的人群中的發生率報道很少[5]。隨著人們生活水平的提高,人們對生活質量的要求也越來越高,但OAB嚴重影響患者的生理和心理健康[6]。臨床上超過30%的醫生對OAB的正確定義、臨床表現、劃分標準未能重視和掌握[7]。OAB的主要治療藥物包括雌激素、α1受體阻滯劑、競爭性M受體拮抗劑等[8]。在前列腺基質、膀胱頸和后尿道平滑肌存在的腎上腺素能受體主要為α1受體,阻斷α1受體能使前列腺及膀胱頸和后尿道平滑肌松弛,可改善OAB患者的臨床癥狀,但是也存在治療失敗的情況[9-10]。雌激素也可降低尿道壓,緩解尿道痙攣,增加膀胱順應性。競爭性M受體拮抗劑如托特羅定能改善α1受體阻滯劑治療失敗的尿頻等癥狀[11-12]。本文具體探討了托特羅定聯合雌激素治療成年女性OAB的效果及對患者自由尿流率的影響。現報道如下:
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選擇2012年9月~2014年9月在承德醫學院附屬醫院(以下簡稱“我院”)泌尿外科、腎臟內科和婦科以尿頻、尿急就診的女性OAB患者144例作為研究對象,納入標準:①年齡18~60歲;②α1受體阻滯劑治療3個月無效;③經臨床尿流動力學檢查證實為OAB;④連續3 d平均排尿次數≥8次/24 h,夜間≥2次,每次排尿量<200 mL。排除標準:①妊娠與哺乳期婦女;②既往有經尿道手術史者;③合并急性尿路感染者;④合并糖尿病、泌尿生殖道腫瘤者;⑤使用利尿劑者。本研究經我院倫理委員會批準,所有患者對本研究知情同意并簽署知情同意書。根據隨機信封抽簽原則分為觀察組與對照組,每組各72例,兩組患者的病程、前列腺體積等一般資料比較,差異無統計學意義(P > 0.05)。見表1。
1.2 方法
對照組:給予雌激素治療,選擇雌激素乳膏(新疆新姿源生物制藥有限責任公司)1 mg/次,晚上尿道外口涂抹,1次/d。觀察組:在對照組治療的基礎上給予托特羅定口服(成都迪康藥業有限公司)2 mg/次,2次/d。
兩組均治療3個月。
1.3 觀察指標
①療效標準。顯效:臨床癥狀明顯改善,國際前列腺癥狀評分(IPSS)減少≥75%;有效:IPSS減少50%~<75%,臨床癥狀有所改善;無效:未達到上述標準甚或惡化。總有效率=(顯效+有效)例數/總例數×100.0%[6]。②自由尿流率。治療前后采用武漢長峰醫療器械有限公司的JDNL-Ⅱ多功能尿流計,嚴格按照尿動力學儀的標準進行自由尿流率測定。自由尿流率是指通過測量單位時間的排尿量來衡量體外尿流的速度,測定3次取平均值。③夜間排尿次數與尿急次數。治療前后記錄患者夜間排尿次數與尿急次數。④不良反應。觀察與記錄兩組治療過程中的口感、便秘等不良反應發生情況。
1.4 統計學方法
采用SPSS 17.0對所得數據進行統計學分析,計量資料采用均數±標準差(x±s)表示,組間比較采用t檢驗,計數資料采用百分率表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗。以P < 0.05為差異有統計學意義。
2 結果
2.1 兩組治療后總有效率比較
治療后觀察組總有效率高于對照組,差異有統計學意義(P < 0.05)。見表2。
2.2 兩組治療前后自由尿流率比較
治療前兩組自由尿流率比較,差異無統計學意義(P > 0.05)。治療后兩組自由尿流率均高于治療前,且觀察組高于對照組,差異均有統計學意義(均P < 0.05)。見表3。
2.3兩組治療前后夜間排尿次數與尿急次數比較
治療前兩組夜間排尿次數與尿急次數比較,差異均無統計學意義(P > 0.05)。治療后兩組夜間排尿次數與尿急次數均低于治療前,且觀察組低于對照組,差異均有統計學意義(均P < 0.05)。見表4。
2.4 兩組治療期間不良反應發生情況比較
治療期間觀察組口干、便秘等不良反應發生率與對照組比較,差異無統計學意義(P > 0.05)。見表5。
3 討論
OAB是一種以尿急癥狀為特征的征候群,全世界大約5千萬~1億人患有OAB,美國的一項調查顯示,大約16.6% 18歲以上的人患有OAB癥狀,發病率隨著年齡增長而增加[13-14]。
α1受體阻滯劑是目前治療OAB的主要藥物,其通過降低平滑肌緊張度、阻斷前列腺中的α1腎上腺受體而發揮治療作用。但是很多患者經過α1受體阻滯劑治療后無明顯效果,因此,應合理選擇其他藥物治療。雌激素可使尿道黏膜、黏膜下血管叢及結締組織增厚,提高尿道出口阻力,增加尿道長度及尿道閉合壓,最終緩解泌尿系統癥狀[15]。并且雌激素軟膏可在局部形成一個高濃度的雌激素環境,被陰道黏膜吸收,更加有利于改善癥狀[16]。托特羅定是目前臨床應用最廣泛的抗膽堿能藥物,能改善α1受體阻滯劑治療失敗所致的夜尿多、尿頻等癥狀的預后[17]。本研究結果顯示,治療后觀察組總有效率高于對照組,兩組夜間排尿次數與尿急次數均低于治療前,且觀察組明顯低于對照組,差異有統計學意義(P < 0.05)。提示兩者聯合用藥治療成年女性OAB能促進患者臨床癥狀的改善,提高治療效果。
OAB雖然不會對生命帶來威脅,但卻給患者的生活質量造成嚴重影響[18]。有研究顯示,特定女性人群中伴急迫性尿失禁OAB的總發生率為11.8%,其中30歲以下發生率為9.8%,30歲組發生率為14.8%,40歲組發生率為22.1%,50歲組發生率為23.0%,60歲及以上人群發生率為30.3%[19]。自由尿流率是反映OAB患者臨床癥狀的一個重要指標,主要反映患者的尿道膀胱功能障礙,尿動力學上可表現為逼尿肌反射亢進[20]。OAB的發病機制為膀胱儲尿神經系統活性的抑制和興奮性水平的升高,進而導致自由尿流率下降[21-22]。本研究顯示,治療后觀察組與對照組的自由尿流率均高于治療前,但觀察組自由尿流率高于對照組,差異有統計學意義(P < 0.05)。從機制上分析,特羅定是一種新型強效競爭性的M受體拮抗劑,主要作用于膀胱壁和逼尿肌上的M受體,競爭性抑制乙酰膽堿與之結合,能夠明顯減少排尿次數和尿失禁發作次數,從而抑制膀胱的不自主收縮,降低逼尿肌收縮力,增加平均排尿量與自由尿流率[23-24]。
OAB等泌尿疾病既是一種生理疾病,也是一種心理疾病[25]。雖然很多成年女性患者深受OAB的困擾,但OAB的就診率卻十分低,其中一個重要原因是在長期藥物治療中存在一些不良反應。本研究結果顯示,治療期間觀察組的口干、便秘等不良反應發生率與對照組比較,差異無統計學意義(P > 0.05),提示托特羅定的應用具有很好的安全性。
總之,托特羅定聯合雌激素治療成年女性OAB能提高患者的自由尿流率,改善臨床癥狀,促進療效的改善,且有很好的安全性,值得臨床推廣應用。
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(收稿日期:2017-11-08 本文編輯:王 娟)