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中華文化術語選篇

2018-09-18 20:01:42
英語學習 2018年9期

“中華思想文化術語”是濃縮了中華哲學思想、人文精神、價值觀念等的以詞或短語形式固化的概念和文化核心詞。它們是中華民族幾千年來對自然與社會進行探索和理性思索的成果,積淀著中華民族最深沉的歷史智慧。本文選登“中華文化術語”詮釋和英文翻譯,使中國人更加理解中國古代哲學思想,也使世界更加了解中華思想文化。

體 性

Style and Temperament

作品風格與作者個性的統一與結合。是關于文學風格的重要術語。“體”指文章風格,“性”指作者個性因素。源出于劉勰《文心雕龍·體性》,該文分析了作者個性特點與文章風格有著內在的關聯,文如其人。這啟發了后人從作者個性著眼去分析文學作品不同的風格類型,奠定了中國古代文學風格論的基本思想。

This is an important term about literary style that stresses the unity and integration of the styles of writings with the temperaments of their authors. The term originated from Liu Xies The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons. One chapter of the book discusses how the styles of writings are related to the temperaments of the writers, and argues that the writings truly reflect the temperaments of their authors. This has encouraged later generations to analyze different styles of literary works based on the authors temperaments and became a basic line of thought on ancient Chinese literary style.

引例 Citations:

◎ 夫情動而言形,理發而文見。蓋沿隱以至顯,因內而符外者也。然才有庸俊,氣有剛柔,學有淺深,習有雅鄭;并情性所鑠,陶染所凝,是以筆區云譎,文苑波詭者矣。(劉勰《文心雕龍·體性》)

(情感激發而形成語言,道理表達便體現為文章。也就是將隱藏在內心的情和理逐漸彰顯、由內至外的過程。不過人的才華有平凡和杰出之分,氣稟有陽剛與陰柔之別,學識有淺深之異,習性有雅正和鄙俗之差。這些都是由人的先天情性所造就,并受后天的熏陶積聚而成,所以他們的創作奇譎如風云變幻,文章詭秘似海濤翻轉。)

When emotions stir, they take the form of language. When ideas emerge, they are expressed in writings. Thus the obscure becomes manifest and the internal feelings pour into the open. However, talent may be mediocre(普通的)or outstanding, temperament masculine or feminine, learning deep or shallow, upbringing refined or vulgar. All this results from differences in nature and nurture. Hence the unusual cloud-like variations in the realm of writing and the mysterious wave-like undulations(波動)in the garden of literature. (Liu Xie: The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons)

◎ 故性格清徹者音調自然宣暢,性格舒徐者音調自然疏緩,曠達者自然浩蕩,雄邁者自然壯烈,沉郁者自然悲酸,古怪者自然奇絕。有是格,便有是調,皆情性自然之謂也。莫不有情,莫不有性,而可以一律求之哉?(李贄《讀律膚說》)

(所以那些性情開朗透明的人所作詩的音律自然直接流暢,性情遲緩的人所作詩的音律自然疏朗寬緩,性情曠達的人所作詩的音律自然磊落浩蕩,性情雄奇豪邁的人所作詩的音律自然強勁壯烈,性情沉郁的人所作詩的音律自然悲涼酸楚,性情古怪的人所作詩的音律自然不同尋常。有什么性情,便有什么音律,這都是個性氣質所自然決定的。人人莫不有情感,莫不有個性,怎么可以用一個音律標準去要求所有的詩歌呢?)

So it is natural that those with an open and easy-going temperament create poems with tonal rhythms that are direct, smooth, and easy to understand; those with a slow temperament write in relaxed tonal rhythms; those with a broad mind, magnificent and uninhibited(無拘無束的); those with a heroic character, powerful and gallant(壯麗的); those with a depressed personality, sad and miserable; those with a weird temperament, out of the ordinary. Temperament decides the tonal rhythms of an authors writings. People have their own emotions and personalities. How can all the poems be judged by the same standard for tonal rhythms? (Li Zhi: My Understanding of Poetic Genre)

體 用

Ti and Yong

“體用”有三種不同含義:其一,形體、實體為“體”,形體、實體的功能、作用為“用”。其二,事物的本體為“體”,本體的顯現、運用為“用”。其三,行事、行為的根本原則為“體”,根本原則的具體施用為“用”。在“體用”對待的關系中,“體”是基礎,“用”是依賴于“體”的。

Ti(體)and yong(用)can be understood in three different ways: 1) a physical thing and its functions or roles; 2) the ontological(本體論的)existence of a thing and its expression and application; and 3) the fundamental code of conduct, and its observance. In any ti-yong relationship, ti provides the basis on which yong depends.

引例 Citations:

◎天者定體之名,乾者體用之稱。(《周易·乾》孔穎達正義)

(“天”是確定實體的名稱,“乾”是表現實體之功用的名稱。)

Tian(天)means heaven in the physical sense, while qian(乾)means its functions and significance. (Kong Yingda: Correct Meaning of The Book of Changes)

◎ 至微者理也,至著者象也。體用一源,顯微無間。(程頤《程氏易傳》)

(最隱微的是理,最顯著的是象。作為本體的理和作為現象的象出自同一來源,顯著與隱微之間沒有差別。)

What is most subtle is li(理), while what is most conspicuous is xiang(象). Li as the ontological existence and xiang as its manifestation are of the same origin; there is no difference between them. (Cheng Yi: Cheng Yis Commentary on The Book of Changes)

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