極細鏈格孢菌劑的初步研制及其除草作用研究

朱海霞 馬永強 郭青云

摘要

本研究選用一株具有除草活性的生防菌株極細鏈格孢Alternaria tenuissima HZ-1作為研究對象，通過載體和助劑的篩選，初步研制出可濕性粉劑，并對雜草離體葉片、盆栽雜草及田間小區雜草的致病效果進行了測定。結果表明，HZ-1最適載體為高嶺土，助劑為羧甲基纖維素、可溶性淀粉和白炭黑，菌株HZ-1可濕性粉劑對不同雜草離體葉片致病性表現為：密花香薷>冬葵>野燕麥>薄蒴草>酸模葉蓼>藜>萹蓄。盆栽致病性結果顯示，HZ-1可濕性粉劑對薄蒴草、藜和密花香薷致病效果突出，對冬葵和酸模葉蓼次之，對萹蓄、野燕麥無效。小區試驗顯示對繁縷、藜和密花香薷有顯著除草效果。該菌株可作為防除薄蒴草、藜、密花香薷和繁縷等雜草的生物除草劑進行進一步研究。

關鍵詞

極細鏈格孢菌HZ-1; 菌劑研制; 除草效果

中圖分類號：

S 432， S 482.4

文獻標識碼： A

DOI： 10.16688/j.zwbh.2018177

Development of the biocontrol agents of Alternaria tenuissima

HZ-1 and its herbicidal activity

ZHU Haixia， MA Yongqiang， GUO Qingyun

（Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences of Qinghai University， State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and

Agriculture of Qinghai University， Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pest in Xining， Ministry of

Agriculture， Key Laboratory of Agricultural Integrated Pest Management in Qinghai Province， Xining 810016， China）

Abstract

Alternaria tenuissima HZ-1 was selected as a high virulent strain to weeds. Proper carrier and auxiliary were screened and wettable powder was developed as biological herbicide， and the virulence to different weeds in vitro and in vivo was also determined. The results showed that the optimal vector of HZ-1 was kaolin， the auxiliarges were carboxymethyl cellulose， soluble starch and silica. The susceptibility of strain HZ-1 wet powder to different weeds in vitro was as follows： Elsholtzia densa Benth.>Malva verticillata L.var. crispa>Avena fatua L>Lepyrodiclis holosteoides （C.A.Mey.） Fisch.et Mey.>Polygonum lapathifolium L.>Chenopodium album L.>Polygonum aviculare L.. Pot experiments showed that wet powder of HZ-1 had significant virulence to L. holosteoides， C. album and E. densa， but no virulence to P. aviculare and A. fatua. Field trials demonstrated that wet powder of HZ-1 was highly virulent to Stellaria media， C. album and E. densa. This strain could be further studied as a biological herbicide to control L. holosteoides， C. album， E. densa and Stellaria media.

Key words

Alternaria tenuissima HZ-1; development of agent; control effect to weeds

當今，農田雜草控制還是以化學除草劑為主體[1]。隨著農業現代化水平的提高，全球范圍內的除草劑使用量將繼續增加，因此，市場需求開始面向廣譜、高效、低毒的新型除草劑的研制。微生物除草劑可有效替代部分高毒化學農藥，減輕農業生產中長期和大量依賴化學除草劑施用所造成的能源和環境問題。目前，發展生物除草技術已逐漸成為全球的共識[1-2]。極細鏈格孢HZ-1是從青海省獨特的生態條件下篩選出的具有除草活性的生防菌，前期研究發現該菌株對藜Chenopodium album、冬葵Malva verticillata var. crispa、酸模葉蓼Polygonum lapathifolium等雜草表現出不同程度的致病作用，安全性評價結果顯示，該菌株除對春油菜有輕微影響外，對春小麥、蠶豆、豌豆和青稞4種作物相對安全，可作為防除藜、酸模葉蓼等闊葉雜草生物除草劑的候選菌株[3]。