無障礙的城市空間：一個(gè)關(guān)乎所有人的話題

張利/ZHANG Li

作者單位：清華大學(xué)建筑學(xué)院/《世界建筑》

人在公共空間里行動(dòng)的自主與便捷，已被認(rèn)為是一種城市生活賦予人的基本權(quán)利，也已成為衡量當(dāng)代城市空間質(zhì)量的重要標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。這里的人指所有的人，而提升所有人的行動(dòng)自主與便捷，最關(guān)鍵的就是盡一切可能在設(shè)計(jì)和管理上消除造成行動(dòng)困難的物理障礙。

在我們一般的認(rèn)識(shí)里，行動(dòng)困難是和非肢體健全人群（或殘障人群）聯(lián)系在一起的，因而無障礙也僅僅是關(guān)乎這一特定人群的話題。但實(shí)際上，在我們的現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中，行動(dòng)困難并不是一個(gè)持續(xù)的生理特性判定，而是一個(gè)瞬時(shí)的生理特性判定，它描述的不是一個(gè)固有狀態(tài)，而是一個(gè)時(shí)間階段——每個(gè)人在一生中都會(huì)碰到各種行動(dòng)困難的時(shí)刻，其原因也大多并非是殘障，而是年邁、傷病、豪飲，甚至僅僅是帶著過大的箱子旅行等等這些人人都會(huì)有的經(jīng)歷。行動(dòng)困難時(shí)每個(gè)人都會(huì)感到無助，特別依賴城市在這方面的眷顧，這也意味著，無障礙的城市空間是關(guān)乎每個(gè)人生活質(zhì)量的普遍性話題。

事實(shí)上，只有拋開健全人對(duì)殘障人的優(yōu)越感——不再把無障礙設(shè)施看成是一種居高臨下的供給，而把它看成是與自己息息相關(guān)的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施——無障礙的設(shè)計(jì)才能擺脫被動(dòng)地滿足強(qiáng)制性規(guī)范的狀態(tài)，而真正把創(chuàng)造性的人文關(guān)懷融入其中。

好的無障礙設(shè)計(jì)出于對(duì)每個(gè)人的全方位呵護(hù)。每個(gè)人在城市里的行動(dòng)自主一方面來源于肢體的自主，另一方面也來自于對(duì)環(huán)境信息判斷的自主。無障礙設(shè)施正是在城市的各個(gè)角落對(duì)任何關(guān)乎這兩方面自主的缺失，進(jìn)行公共管理上的關(guān)懷和空間功能上的補(bǔ)償。由DP 建筑師事務(wù)所設(shè)計(jì)的新加坡馬林臺(tái)組屋的快樂中心對(duì)底層架空的新加坡社會(huì)住宅進(jìn)行了又一次類型學(xué)上的精細(xì)化，為老齡化的群體提供了周到的照顧。這一改造項(xiàng)目以“食”這一社會(huì)性的活動(dòng)為載體，通過通透的界面所吸納的光線、鮮明的色彩、高辯識(shí)度的圖標(biāo)、家居式的室內(nèi)布設(shè)以及大家庭化的視聽嗅覺氛圍等，凡中生奇，為認(rèn)知力降低的老人提供了真正可靠、自主與快樂的公共空間。這是一個(gè)通過設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)現(xiàn)廣義無障礙的令人擊節(jié)稱快的案例。

好的無障礙設(shè)計(jì)形成于對(duì)人體自身特性的探究理解。自建筑史之初以來，緣于建筑空間與人體尺度的固有聯(lián)系，對(duì)人體的不斷更新的認(rèn)識(shí)與研習(xí)一直是建筑學(xué)知識(shí)體演進(jìn)的一個(gè)重要組成部分，從早期的靜態(tài)空間尺度歸納，到其后的廣義擬人化美學(xué)法則，到工業(yè)革命后的產(chǎn)品化設(shè)計(jì)與人體工學(xué)，再到近期的更具普遍意義的人體與社會(huì)公平。在“包容性設(shè)計(jì)”——或者用更直白的語言：服務(wù)于所有公民，一個(gè)都不能少——的理念下，“人體”的概念已不再是達(dá)芬奇或柯布西耶式的單一“完美”人體范本，而是多樣化的“不完美”人體的樣本合集。所謂的“一個(gè)也不能少”指向的也正是針對(duì)每一個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)問題，從其所涉及的最不利人體樣本數(shù)據(jù)出發(fā)來進(jìn)行決策，以保證所得的結(jié)果為盡量多的人提供便利。2018 年完成擴(kuò)建的、由庫珀·羅伯遜建筑事務(wù)所設(shè)計(jì)的圣路易斯拱門博物館，嚴(yán)格遵循新的該國(guó)《殘疾人法案》，以肢體殘疾的人體為參照系，來設(shè)計(jì)從欄桿扶手到衛(wèi)生間的所有細(xì)節(jié)，實(shí)現(xiàn)了這一頗有歷史的博物館公眾可達(dá)性的全面提升。

好的無障礙設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)現(xiàn)于物理空間中的點(diǎn)滴細(xì)節(jié)。今天很少有人會(huì)懷疑空間的品質(zhì)取決于空間細(xì)節(jié)這一論斷。當(dāng)這種細(xì)節(jié)是無障礙的設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)，恐怕多數(shù)人都會(huì)認(rèn)為這更多是對(duì)錯(cuò)的問題，不是好壞的問題，更不是創(chuàng)造性的問題。而當(dāng)代的生活實(shí)踐告訴我們，好的無障礙設(shè)計(jì)絕不是簡(jiǎn)單的對(duì)錯(cuò)，而是充滿了對(duì)更人性化體驗(yàn)的想象，甚至是充滿了創(chuàng)造性的。進(jìn)入21 世紀(jì)以來，在以設(shè)計(jì)貢獻(xiàn)于社會(huì)公平方面，斯堪的納維亞設(shè)計(jì)為世界提供了越來越多的靈感，由AART 事務(wù)所設(shè)計(jì)的位于科瑟穆斯島上的無障礙度假村擴(kuò)建就是在無障礙領(lǐng)域的例證。這一洋溢著樂觀主義的項(xiàng)目是為全球殘障人士所喜愛的度假、會(huì)議與交往的理想場(chǎng)所。在其空間的每一個(gè)角落，無障礙的基本要素——衛(wèi)生間、坡道、電梯、臥室的所有相關(guān)細(xì)部——都得到了最完備的呈現(xiàn)。不僅如此，在其多功能的運(yùn)動(dòng)與集會(huì)空間里，殘障人士的體能與技巧還得到各種運(yùn)動(dòng)項(xiàng)目的挑戰(zhàn)，其實(shí)現(xiàn)的方式充滿著活力：不僅存在于水平的界面，如平臺(tái)等，也存在于垂直的界面，比如為輪椅者使用的攀巖墻。也許我們不能說這一建筑定義了新的無障礙標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，畢竟不是所有的建筑都有足夠的資源做到同樣的程度，但至少它定義了新的無障礙設(shè)計(jì)的想象力邊界。

正是出于以上的原因，本期《世界建筑》關(guān)注公共空間的無障礙設(shè)計(jì)，關(guān)注這一牽涉所有人生活質(zhì)量的事業(yè)將如何把我們帶向更加美好和更加文明的城市。

感謝中國(guó)殘疾人聯(lián)合會(huì)、清華大學(xué)無障礙發(fā)展研究院的專家們，是他們使本期《世界建筑》成為可能。□

The freedom and convenience of one's movement in public space has long been accepted as a basic right in modern cities. It gives a revealing measurement of the quality of an urban space. And more importantly, it address the movement of everyone, able-bodied or people with disabilities.

In traditional views, barrier-free design is only related to people with disabilities, since they are the only ones who have difficulties in autonomous movement. What a cliché it is! With a closer look, it is not hard to find out that di☆culties in movement is in fact not a statement of biological feature, but rather a statement of phase. We all meet these di☆culties at certain points of our lives, because of aging, injuries or illnesses, consumption of alcohol, or, more often, walking in an unfamiliar city with a large suitcase. We all feel the same frustrations when it becomes difficult to move around, and we are all at the mercy of the related urban facilities to get over the hurdles. Barrie-free is everyone's business.

We need truly thoughtful designs that are better than forced implementation of barrier-free building codes. We can only be creative, and humane when we are ready to give away the able-bodied disinterest and admit that barrier-free is for us all.

Excellent barrier-free designs give 360 degree care to the human body and addresses all senses. One's free movement in the city not only is a function of the level of physical autonomy of the body in question, but also is a function of the level of cognitive autonomy of the person in question. Barrier-free designs try to compensate for both wherever and whenever there is a loss or inadequacy. The Goodlife! at Marine Parade in Singapore, designed by DP Architects, is an exciting typological experiment utilising the usually featureless open ground floor of Singaporean social housing. Having the senior citizen community in mind, the design builds its entire programme around the highly social activity of eating together: the purchase, preparation, sharing and storing of food. Through a series of transparent interfaces, vibrant colour schemes, easy icons, expand-family styled layout and the capture of smells and sounds, the project gives something that is truly extraordinary to a very generic typology: convincingly good life for the aged.

Excellent barrier-free designs come from deeper understanding of the human body. The human body has been both a hot topic of debate and a driving force of knowledge renewal throughout the history of architecture, not surprising at all considering the inherent bond between the built environment and human scale. From the early principles on dimensions, to the general rules of anthropomorphism proportions, to ergonomics, to the contemporary idea of human body as a field of social equality. Inclusive design of our time no longer takes the human body ideals - those of Da Vinci or Le Corbusier - as the one exclusive archetype of human body. On the contrary, it embraces all samples and all types of human bodies, perfect or imperfect, abled or disabled. Under the idea of public space for every-body, detailed design decisions are usually made taking the least abled body as the reference. Cooper Robertson's Expansion to the Gateway Arch Museum in St Louis was determined to deliver an exemplary public service from the starting point of the design. Completed in 2018, it meets or exceeds all the requirements of the ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act). A complete set of building details, from the railings to the bathroom handles, showcase decades of research and engineering focused on bodies with disabilities.

Excellent designs materialise in details. Everyone nowadays would agree that quality comes from details. But when it comes to the details of barrierfree, most would take for granted that it is more a question of efficiency, rather than quality, let alone creativity. Yet there are cases that demonstrate otherwise. We all know how Scandinavian design has become a source of inspiration in design for social equality in the 21st century. In the field of barrierfree design the same statement holds. The expand Musholm in Kors?r, designed by AART architects, is nothing short of inspirational. It is not only a resort for people with disabilities, but a place that celebrate courage and optimism. All the necessary elements of barrier-free, from details in the bathrooms, ramps, lifts to those in the bedrooms are done with great care. More importantly, its generous sports hall challenges the bodies of those with disabilities with vibrancy and rigour through the creative design of playground, paths, and an incredible rock climbing wall for wheelchairs. Probably it is too early to say whether the Musholm has indicated the underlying profile of the future standard for barrier-free design, but it certainly has indicated a new boundary of design imaginations and creativity.

It is for the reasons above that we publish this number of WA on barrier-free designs. We are keen to learn how barrier-free design is making, and will continue to make, everyone's life a little bit better.

Our sincere thanks to experts from China Disabled Persons' Federation and Institute for Accessibility Development Tsinghua University. They have made this special number of WA possible.□