“城市兩棲者”：水邊棚屋

曼谷的水邊棚屋主要指傳統(tǒng)泰式建筑類型的城市產(chǎn)物——泰國高蹺屋、河邊漂浮屋，以及曼谷城市化下的違章建筑。它們多數(shù)是建在曼谷水道——包括湄南河（曼谷的主要水道）、運(yùn)河的河網(wǎng)（灌溉渠道）和散布的城市洪水水庫（gaam ling）邊的多用途住宅構(gòu)筑物。這種隨機(jī)搭建的兩棲的構(gòu)筑物有的靠近濱水的無人區(qū)，有的非法地建在水面之上。這是一個(gè)頗具爭議的困境：許多當(dāng)?shù)厝俗宰嫦葧r(shí)代就定居的地點(diǎn)，在如今現(xiàn)代建筑管理和城市規(guī)劃者的眼中，顯然已成為擅自占用的非法之地。

薩姆森洪水運(yùn)河棚戶區(qū)

薩姆森洪水運(yùn)河棚戶區(qū)因狹窄巷弄的排布，形成緊湊又獨(dú)特的住宅空間，并衍生出一種因地制宜的城市策略。每個(gè)棚戶區(qū)的內(nèi)部空間小而緊湊，主要用于夜晚睡覺。在白天，當(dāng)?shù)厝诉x擇在通風(fēng)循環(huán)的通路上形成他們的戶外起居空間。與建筑工人住宅類似，人行道成為每個(gè)家庭局促的內(nèi)部空間的“肺部”，同時(shí)也形成蜿蜒的脊?fàn)畹穆短旃采羁臻g。

薩姆森洪水運(yùn)河棚戶區(qū)的獨(dú)特增長模式，是基于多種特殊條件產(chǎn)生的。第一批社區(qū)與城市洪水運(yùn)河平行，隨著家庭成員的增加，另一排平行的房屋在水面上違法搭建，與原有的房屋形成一個(gè)小巷子式的"起居室"。當(dāng)更多的家庭成員誕生或從農(nóng)村遷移到城市，垂直小巷從原有主干道分支出來，將原來的房屋垂直地?cái)U(kuò)展到水中，成為對流的風(fēng)洞，將微風(fēng)從水域引向主干道。

荒廢的運(yùn)河棚屋

曼谷的運(yùn)河曾主導(dǎo)這座城市，因?yàn)椤肮喔冗\(yùn)河”（klongs）不僅為老曼谷城的果園和稻田提供了養(yǎng)分，而且還是平日出行的主要交通軸線。隨著汽車代替船只作為主要的交通方式，大多數(shù)的運(yùn)河便逐漸被填滿鋪平，成為了公路。然而，原有的運(yùn)河仍殘存在城市里，容納當(dāng)?shù)鬲?dú)特的社區(qū)。

Klong Peng即幸存的曼谷灌溉運(yùn)河之一。然而水道在平行方向上不幸地遭到城市的“截肢”，運(yùn)河的某些部分被野心勃勃的開發(fā)商所填補(bǔ)。在被填平的過程中，水被轉(zhuǎn)移到地下，不再像過去那樣自由流動(dòng)，導(dǎo)致了污染沿河蔓延。不過，一個(gè)活躍的社區(qū)仍然在這條“殘疾”水道中茁壯生長起來，并以非同尋常的方式占據(jù)了運(yùn)河。如支撐運(yùn)河擋土墻的混凝土十字框架已經(jīng)改變功能，形成了非常規(guī)的人行天橋、社區(qū)存儲(chǔ)“架”和種植園等等。當(dāng)?shù)厝诉€巧妙地借助梁作為臨時(shí)戶外的生活、飲食、烹飪和盥洗走廊的結(jié)構(gòu)支撐。

居住在水邊棚屋的當(dāng)?shù)鼐用裆踔痢熬偷厝〔摹保瑒?chuàng)造一種因地制宜的公共空間并模糊內(nèi)部與外部生活環(huán)境。盆栽植物、長凳、椅子、塑料雨棚和其他街道設(shè)施形成了產(chǎn)權(quán)邊界的模糊，進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)了社區(qū)共享。這些臨時(shí)元素很微妙地限定區(qū)域邊界，對在敏感的公共區(qū)拓展私人空間十分必要。在西方人看來，這些隨意擺放的物件可能意味著私人對公共財(cái)產(chǎn)的侵占，但對于曼谷當(dāng)?shù)厝藖碚f，這些臨時(shí)物基于模糊的界線、分時(shí)共享、功能重疊和公共生活的概念，創(chuàng)造了一種非常泰國式的歡愉、隨意的空間感。

5 薩姆森洪水運(yùn)河棚戶區(qū)平面/Samsen Flood Canal Shanty,neighbourhood plan（繪圖/Drawing: Chanakarn Pitakteeratum(intern), Bannawit Khattiyanont (intern), Kalapa Numphueng(intern)/CHAT lab）

6 薩姆森洪水運(yùn)河棚戶區(qū)洪水渠上架空立面，高速公路橫跨其上/Samsen Flood Canal Shanty, elevation over flood canal with freeway overpass above

7 薩姆森洪水運(yùn)河棚戶區(qū)人們將小巷視為共享的生活空間/Samsen Flood Canal Shanty, view of alleyway as shared living space

8 荒廢的運(yùn)河棚屋，運(yùn)河上的房屋和特殊陽臺(tái)/Dead Klong Shanty, view of houses and ad-hoc balconies over canal（6-8攝影/Photos: Chatpong Chuenrudeemol）

9 荒廢的運(yùn)河棚屋，總平面/Dead Klong Shanty, site plan

10 荒廢的運(yùn)河棚屋，軸測/Dead Klong Shanty, isometric drawing（繪圖/Drawing: Pimpasson Gangwanpanich(intern), Chanisara Piyasuwan (intern)/CHAT lab）

11 荒廢的運(yùn)河棚屋，運(yùn)河/巷道社區(qū)平面/Dead Klong Shanty,detail canal/alley neighbourhood plan（9.11繪圖/Drawings: Jirapa Rachavanich (intern), Nat Tangchonlatip (intern)/CHAT lab）

The waterside shanties of Bangkok are the urban lovechild of traditional Thai typologies - theThai stilted house, floating river house, and Bangkok street urbanism. They are mixed-used residential structures built on the banks of Bangkok's many waterways including: the Chao Phraya River(Bangkok's main waterway), its interconnected network of klongs (irrigation canals), and dispersed gaam ling (city floodwater reservoirs). The amphibious structures are situated precariously at times on no-man's-land near the water's edge,or at times illegally over the water itself. It is a contentious predicament as many locals have settled in their locations since ancestral times but are now considered illegal squatters in the eyes of modern building governance and city planning.

Samsen Flood Canal Shanty

The Samsen Flood Canal Community's unique arrangement of compact homes along narrow alleyways begins to suggest a new tropical urban strategy. The interior spaces of each shanty residence are small and compact, used principally for sleep at night. During the day, locals choose to occupy the ventilated circulation paths as their outdoor living room. Similar to the construction worker houses, the walkways become the lungs to the cramped interior spaces of each family, but also act as a snaking central spine for open-air communal living.

The unique growth patterns of the Samsen Flood Canal Community created hybrid conditions that are quite special. The first settlements were settled running parallel to the banks of a city floodwater canal. As the family members multiplied,another parallel row of houses developed illegally on the water, forming a small alley "living room" with the original line of houses. As even more family members arrived through birth and migration from the countryside, small perpendicular sub-alleys branched off from the original spine, expanding the original houses perpendicularly into the water,and becoming ventilated wind tunnels that bring in breezes from the water to the main spine alley.

12 鐵路簡陋家具市場，沿街立面/Railroad pallet furniture market, sidewalk elevation（攝影/Photo: Chatpong Chuenrudeemol）

13 鐵路簡陋家具市場工坊1/Railroad pallet furniture market,workshop 1

14 鐵路簡陋家具市場工坊2/Railroad pallet furniture market,workshop 2

15 鐵路簡陋家具市場工坊3，上層有居住單元/Railroad pallet furniture market, workshop 3 with upper living unit

16 鐵路簡陋家具市場工坊4/Railroad pallet furniture market,workshop 4

17 鐵路簡陋家具市場工坊5，含可睡覺的閣樓和金屬車間/Railroad pallet furniture market, workshop 5 with sleeping loft and metal shop

18 鐵路簡陋家具市場工坊6，含儲(chǔ)藏夾層/Railroad pallet furniture market, workshop 6 with storage mezzanine

19 鐵路簡陋家具市場工坊7，含木材倉儲(chǔ)架/Railroad pallet furniture market, workshop 7 with lumber storage cage

20 鐵路簡陋家具市場工坊8，含社區(qū)廚房和便利商店/Railroad pallet furniture market, workshop 8 with community kitchen and convenience store（13-20繪圖/Drawings: CHAT lab and Rangsit University interior architecture students）

Dead Klong Shanty (abandoned canal community)

Bangkok's canals used to dominate the city as the "klongs" (irrigation canals) not only provided sustenance to old Bangkok's fruit orchards and rice paddies, but were the main transportation life lines that were central to daily life. As cars have taken over boats as the main modes of transport, most canals have been fi lled and topped off as roadways.However, remnants of old canals still remain in the city and are homes to unique local communities.

Klong Peng is one of those surviving Bangkok Canals. However, the waterway has been subject to unfortunate urban "amputations" along its length where parts of the canal have been filled and developed by opportunistic businessmen. In these fills, the water is diverted underground, but no longer flows as freely as before, resulting in cases of contamination along its length. However,a lively community still thrives in this handicapped waterway and occupies the canal in unique and unusual ways. The concrete cross braces that shore up the canal retaining walls have been repurposed and reprogrammed as informal foot bridges,community storage "shelves", and garden planters.Locals have also cleverly hijacked the beams as structural supports for ad hoc outdoor living, eating,cooking, and laundry verandahs.

Locals of the waterside shanty also employ the use of "non-architecture" to de fi ne a blurred interior/exterior conditions in public areas for tropical living. Potted plants, benches, chairs, plastic tarp canopies and other street furniture create blurred boundaries between property lines with in turns,further promotes communal sharing. These informal elements become subtle but effective space makers necessary for negotiating personal space in sensitive public areas. In the eyes of Westerners, these loose objects may signify a private encroachment of public property. But to Bangkok locals they create a very Thai sense of informal and flexible space based on blurred boundaries, time share, overlapping programmes, and communal living.