黃連軍
虛擬語氣是表達說話者的某種假設、假定、主觀愿望、主觀想法的一種表達方式。語氣含有兩種,真實語氣和虛擬語氣。虛擬語氣在歷年高考中都占一定比例。我在教學中把虛擬語氣模塊化,每一模塊都有自己的 “綱領”。學生在學習中只要分好類,把握住這些 “綱領”,就能輕松掌握虛擬語氣的用法。
虛擬動詞形式要和虛擬的時間保持協調一致。把握這類虛擬的學習要領:“3統,1混,4特殊。”
(1)3統:在表示現在、將來、過去虛擬句式中,if從句的謂語動詞和主句的謂語動詞要保持相對統一,對將來時間的虛擬條件句動詞形式:should do/did/ were to do..., 主句動詞形式:would/could/should/might + do.;對現在時間的虛擬條件句動詞形式: did/were...., 主句動詞形式: would/might/could/should do. ;對過去或完成時間的虛擬從句和主句的動詞形式條件句動詞形式: had done,主句動詞形式: would/could/should/might+ have done。
(2)1混: if從句是對過去或完成的虛擬假設,而主句則說明現在的虛擬情況,過去和現在時間的錯位導致從句和主句的動詞形式的不統一,其形式是:if從句動詞形式用had done形式,主句動詞形式用would/could/should/might be/be doing 形式。如:If you had learned the subjunctive mood well when it was taught, it wouldnt be so difficult for you now. 如果講虛擬語氣的時候你學會了,你現在就不會感到困難了。
(3)4特殊:指含蓄條件的虛擬句型。①but for/without+名詞/代詞, 修飾的句子謂語動詞按上述表格中主句謂語動詞變化。如:But for your timely rescue, we would have died in the accident last Saturday. 要不是因為你及時援救,在上周六的事故中我們就喪命了。 ②句子1+or/otherwise/or else(否則)+句子2,句子2謂語動詞按上述表格中主句謂語動詞變化。如:You told me the truth, or you would have been given a good beating. 你說出了真相,否則的話你就會挨一頓胖揍。③Had it not been for sb./sth.+句子,謂語動詞按表格中主句過去時構成;Were it not for sb./sth.+加句子,謂語動詞按表格中主句現在時構成。如:Had it not been for your timely rescue, we would have died in the accident last Saturday. 要不是因為你及時援救,在上周六的事故中我們就喪命了。
如果名詞性從句和下列動詞及其相關的形式發生關聯,那么相應的名詞性從句就要使用虛擬語氣(定語從句不用虛擬)。此類虛擬語氣的構成是: should+do (動詞原形),should 可以省略。常用動詞:一堅持insist;二命令order/command;三要求require/request/demand;四建議advise/suggest/propose/recommend。如:He suggested that she (should) not go here alone. (賓語從句) 他建議她不要獨自去那。It is suggested that she (should) not go here alone. (主語從句) 建議她不要獨自去那。注意:當suggest表示“建議”時用虛擬,表示“表明,暗示”含義時,名詞從句不用虛擬結構;當insist表示“堅持,要求”時用虛擬,表示“堅持認為、堅持說”含義時,名詞性從句不用虛擬結構。如:The half smile on her suggested that she was happy to have given her life for her country. 她臉上的一絲微笑表明她很高興為國家捐軀。
虛擬語氣用于下列句式中(1)It is admirable/dreadful/extraordinary/odd/remarkable/sad/advisable/annoying/disappointing/surprising/upsetting/frightening/better/best/curious/desirable/important/strange/ peculiar/proper/necessary/natural...that...如:It is necessary that he be given enough help to overcome the difficulties. 給他足夠的幫助來戰勝困難非常必要。
(1) It is (high/about) time that one did/should do ....表示“該做……的時候了”,在此句式中,that從句的謂語動詞通常用動詞的過去式形式did, 極少數情況也可以用should+形式。之所以用過去式形式是因為“參照以前發生過的事情來說明現在的情況”。如:It is (high) time that we worked out in the gym. 我們該去體育館鍛煉了。
(2) 在wish/if only句式中,wish是虛擬陳述句,if only 是虛擬感嘆句,兩個句式的含義相同,都表示說話者的“某種主觀愿望”。把握的要點在于:謂語動詞的構成回退一個時態。即,現在時:did/were;過去時:had done;將來時:would/could/should/might do。如:I wish I had met you earlier. =If only I had met you earlier! (過去或完成時間)早點遇見你該有多好!
(3) would rather 后接從句,從句也要使用虛擬語氣,表示“主觀愿望”。如果表示現在和將來時間,從句動詞用“were/did”形式;如果表示過去和完成,從句動詞用“had done”形式。如:I would rather you came next Monday.(將來時間)但愿你下周一來。I would rather you had told me the news yesterday.(過去時間)但愿你昨天告訴了這消息。
(4) 在even if/even though(即使)引導的讓步狀語從句和 as if/as though(似乎、好像)引導的方式狀語中,如果從句表達含義和事實相符,就不用虛擬語氣;如果和實際不符,用虛擬語氣。虛擬形式要依據語義和語境。如:Even if/even though I could live my life again, I would do the same. (和事實不符)即使再活一遍,我也會做相同事情。Look at the dark clouds!It looks as if/as though it is going to snow.(事實)看天上漆黑的云彩。看起來好像要下雨。
(作者單位:遼寧省撫順第二高級中學)