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不同麻醉方法對超高齡髖部骨折手術患者圍術期血壓的影響

2019-12-17 08:09:11張虎汪海鋼李艷玲何艷娟李躍兵黃余亮
中國現代醫生 2019年29期

張虎 汪海鋼 李艷玲 何艷娟 李躍兵 黃余亮

[摘要] 目的 探討不同麻醉方法對超高齡髖部骨折患者圍術期血流動力學的影響。 方法 選擇2017年5月~2019年2月在我院行髖部骨折手術的患者92例,年齡≥90歲,隨機分為全身麻醉(general anesthesia,GA)組和硬膜外麻醉(epidural anesthesia,EA)組,每組46例。GA組患者行全身麻醉,EA組患者行硬膜外麻醉。記錄術前靜息血壓(T0)、麻醉誘導或硬膜外起效后血壓(T1)、切皮時血壓(T2)和術后當天(Day 0)、術后第1天(Day 1)、術后第2天(Day 2)的血壓及術中低血壓次數。用查爾森合并癥指數(Charlson Comorbidity Index,CCI)比較有和無分層情況下兩組各時間點的平均動脈血壓(MAP)及術中低血壓次數。 結果 T1、T2時間點GA組MAP低于EA組(P<0.05),其余時間點MAP無統計學差異。EA組患者低血壓次數少于GA組(P<0.05)。亞組分析中,CCI≥3時,Day 0時間點EA組MAP低于GA組(P<0.05),其余時間點MAP無統計學差異(P>0.05)。CCI≥3時,兩組低血壓次數無統計學差異(P>0.05)。 結論 超高齡髖部骨折手術患者硬膜外麻醉較全身麻醉在血流動力學上更穩定。但在有多個合并癥的患者中,兩者差異并不明顯,且硬膜外麻醉術后當天容易發生低血壓。

[關鍵詞] 髖部骨折手術;超高齡患者;麻醉方法;平均動脈壓;低血壓

[中圖分類號] R614 ? ? ? ? ?[文獻標識碼] B ? ? ? ? ?[文章編號] 1673-9701(2019)29-0108-05

Effects of different anesthesia methods on perioperative blood pressure of super-aged patients with hip fractures

ZHANG Hu ? WANG Haigang ? LI Yanling ? HE Yanjuan ? LI Yuebing ? HUANG Yuliang

Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou ? 310005, China

[Abstract] Objective To investigate the effects of different anesthesia methods on the perioperative hemodynamics of super-aged patients with hip fractures. Methods Ninety-two patients ≥90 years old who received hip fracture surgery in our hospital from May 2017 to February 2019 were selected and randomly divided into the general anesthesia(GA) group and the epidural anesthesia(EA) group, with 46 patients in each group. The GA group was given general anesthesia and the EA group was given epidural anesthesia. Preoperative resting blood pressure(T0), blood pressure after anesthesia induction or epidural onset(T1), blood pressure at the time of skin incision(T2) and blood pressure on the day of surgery(Day 0), first day after surgery(Day 1), second day after surgery(Day 2) and the number of times of intraoperative hypotension were recorded. The mean arterial blood pressure(MAP) and the number of times of intraoperative hypotension at different time points of the two groups with and without stratification were compared by Charlson Comorbidity Index(CCI). Results The GA group was lower than the EA group in the MAP at T1 and T2(P<0.05), and the MAPs were not statistically different at the other time points(P>0.05). The EA group was less than the GA group in the number of times of hypotension(P<0.05). In the subgroup analysis, when CCI≥3, the EA group was lower than the GA group in the MAP on Day 0(P<0.05), and the MAPs were not statistically different at the other time points(P>0.05). When CCI≥3, the two groups were not statistically different in the number of times of hypotension(P>0.05). Conclusion Epidural anesthesia is more stable than general anesthesia in terms of hemodynamics for the super-aged patients receiving hip fracture surgery. However, in patients with multiple comorbidities, the difference was not significant between the two anesthesia methods, and hypotension is prone to occur on the day of epidural anesthesia.

注:GA:全身麻醉;EA:硬膜外麻醉;CCI:查爾森并發癥指數;ASA:美國麻醉醫師學會

2.2兩組患者圍術期平均動脈壓比較

兩組患者圍術期T0、T1、T2、Day 0、Day 1、Day 2各時間點平均動脈壓比較,T1、T2時間點GA組平均動脈壓低于EA組(P<0.05),其余時間點平均動脈壓無統計學差異,見表2、圖1。各亞組分析中,CCI≥3時,Day 0時間點EA組平均動脈壓低于GA組(P<0.05),其余時間點平均動脈壓無統計學差異。見表3、圖2。

2.3 兩組患者術中低血壓次數比較

EA組(1.1次)次數少于GA組(2.0次)(P<0.05)。亞組分析中,CCI≥3時,兩組低血壓次數無統計學差異(1.2次 vs 1.5次)。見圖3、4。

3討論

髖部骨折是常見的外傷性疾病,多見于老年患者,中位年齡約為83歲[11-12]。由于該類患者常伴發多種并存疾病和合并癥,麻醉及圍術期管理不當,術后并發癥和死亡率顯著增加。在英國髖部骨折患者30 d的死亡率約為8%,且這一數值長期保持相對不變[13]。盡管現代麻醉技術取得長足發展,但對于老年人髖關節手術的最佳麻醉方法尚未達成一致。Neuman等[9,14]回顧18 158例接受髖部骨折手術的老年患者,全麻后炎癥反應綜合征、肺炎、咽喉痛、聲嘶等并發癥發生率明顯高。老年患者對麻醉的反應與其他人群不同,心臟儲備減少,使老年人在麻醉誘導過程中更容易受到血壓變化的影響[15-16]。有研究表明,與年齡有關的血管張力變化,應對自穩態的能力下降,交感系統緊張活動增加,這些因素使全麻誘導時患者的血壓顯著降低[17]。根據麻醉學神經學學會聲明,圍術期低血壓是導致圍術期腦卒中發生的重要相關因素[18]。因此,為避免氣管插管相關并發癥及全麻誘導時低血壓,高齡患者常采用硬膜外麻醉,其潛在好處包括減少阿片類藥物的用量、減少手術后患者的精神混亂、減少血栓栓塞,可作為嚴重呼吸道疾病患者更安全的選擇[13]。

查爾森合并癥指數(Charlson comorbidity index,CCI)是一種基于患者所患疾病數目及嚴重程度且涉及權重因素的評分系統。評估與一系列條件相關的合并癥風險,以便為醫務工作者提供具體篩查或為醫療診治過程中提供知情決策建議。原始CCI評分源自685例肺癌患者的隊列研究,并測試合并疾病在住院病死率和十年病死率的預測能力[19]。2011年Quan H等[20]納入55 929例患者臨床數據的研究結果表明,CCI疾病的權重分配應當更新,細化納入疾病的種類。CCI量化既往基礎疾病,以此評價患者的預后,多個研究中證實CCI評分系統有效,如急性心肌梗死、冠脈綜合征、缺血性休克、腹膜透析和急診老年患者的研究,目前廣泛應用于急診科、腫瘤科、重癥醫學科等[21-24]。將CCI應用于麻醉科,利用CCI評分將病情復雜的超高齡髖部骨折患者進行分層研究,使術前存在不同合并癥的患者潛在獲益。2014年Herrera等[17]報道老年髖部手術患者全麻誘導時血壓顯著降低,而硬膜外組血壓下降更大。本次研究表明,CCI≥3時,硬膜外麻醉較全身麻醉失去了血流動力學穩定的優勢,且術后當天更容易發生低血壓,與此前的臨床研究一致。

需要特別報道的是本次研究中硬膜外組排除的2例自動出院患者,在術后當天均發生持續性、難治性低血壓。雖然其低血壓是否與實施硬膜外麻醉相關無法得到證實,但提示在對病情復雜的超高齡患者實施硬膜外麻醉時,應避免施加易導致圍術期低血壓發生的醫療措施,并且積極使用血管活性藥物維持血流動力學穩定。

綜上所述,超高齡髖部骨折手術患者硬膜外麻醉較全身麻醉在術中血流動力學的穩定上具有優勢,但在病情復雜術前合并癥多的患者中,兩種麻醉方法在這方面并沒有顯著差異,且硬膜外麻醉術后當天更容易產生低血壓,帶來相關風險。

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(收稿日期:2019-07-05)

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