王向燁 萬俊 凌厲
【摘要】 目的 探討延遲結扎臍帶對嬰兒貧血及運動發育的影響。方法 152例嬰兒, 依據住院時間順序分為觀察組(單數, 77例)和對照組(雙數, 75例)。觀察組在胎兒娩出后120~135 s結扎臍帶, 在延遲結扎臍帶期間將胎兒保暖后置低于胎盤10 cm的位置;對照組在胎兒娩出后30 s內結扎臍帶。比較兩組產婦年齡、產前血紅蛋白水平、產后1 d血紅蛋白水平;比較兩組嬰兒出生體重、出生后24~48 h、2月齡、3月齡時血紅蛋白水平以及2月齡、3月齡時運動發育水平。結果 觀察組嬰兒出生后24~48 h血紅蛋白水平(182.73±12.70)g/L高于對照組的(164.44±9.12)g/L, 差異有統計學意義(P<0.05);觀察組嬰兒2月齡時血紅蛋白水平及運動發育評分均高于對照組, 差異有統計學意義(P<0.05);觀察組3月齡時血紅蛋白水平及運動發育評分略高于對照組, 但差異無統計學意義(P>0.05)。兩組嬰兒2月齡及3月齡時血紅蛋白水平與運動發育水平呈正相關性(P<0.01)。結論 延遲結扎臍帶能減少嬰兒缺鐵性貧血的發生, 有利于嬰兒的運動發育, 促進腦發育。
【關鍵詞】 延遲結扎臍帶;缺鐵性貧血;嬰兒;運動發育
DOI:10.14163/j.cnki.11-5547/r.2019.34.007
Effect of delayed ligation of umbilical cord on anemia and motor development in infants ? WANG Xiang-ye,
WAN Jun, LING Li, et al. Department of Pediatrics, Jiangyin Peoples Hospital, Jiangyin 214400, China
【Abstract】 Objective ? To discuss the effect of delayed ligation of umbilical cord on anemia and motor development in infants. Methods ? A total of 152 infants were divided into observation group (odd number,
77 cases) and control group (even number, 75 cases) by admission order. In the observation group, the cord was ligated 120-135 s after delivery, and the fetus was kept warm and placed 10 cm lower than the placenta during delayed cord ligation; in the control group, the cord was ligated 30 s after delivery. Comparison was made on age, prenatal hemoglobin level, hemoglobin level at 1 d after postpartum, birth weight, hemoglobin level at 24-48 h, 2-month and 3-month after postpartum, and motor development level at 2-month and 3-month of age between the two groups. Results ? The hemoglobin level at 24-48 h after postpartum (182.73±12.70) g/L in the observation group was higher than (164.44±9.12) g/L in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The hemoglobin level and motor development score at 2-month of age in the observation group was higher than those in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The hemoglobin level and motor development score at 3-month of age in the observation group was a little higher than those in the control group, but the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). There was a positive correlation between hemoglobin level and motor development level at 2 and 3 months of age in the two groups (P<0.01). Conclusion ? Delayed ligation of umbilical cord can reduce the occurrence of iron-deficiency anemia, promote the development of motor and brain.
5歲以內被認為是兒童腦發育的關鍵時期, 而嬰兒期則是腦發育最迅速的一個階段, 鐵參與了這個重要的過程。動物實驗指出[19, 20], 鐵是中樞神經系統髓鞘化、單胺類神經遞質功能、神經元和神經膠質能量代謝以及海馬樹突發生所必需的。嬰兒期的慢性鐵缺乏對神經系統的發育存在長期影響[4, 5], 且有meta分析[21, 22]指出, 在嬰兒期預防性的補充鐵劑對運動發育和智力發育均有積極作用, 這說明減少嬰兒期鐵缺乏癥的發生對兒童神經系統發育具有重要影響。嬰兒的運動發育受多因素影響, 能體現其腦發育水平。本組研究對嬰兒的運動發育進行評估, 發現2月齡時延遲結扎臍帶的觀察組嬰兒的運動發育評分顯著高于較早結扎臍帶的對照組(P<0.05), 而至3月齡時運動發育評分則略高于對照組, 但差異無統計學意義(P>0.05);兩組嬰兒2月齡、3月齡時運動發育評分均與當時的血紅蛋白水平呈正相關。這提示了延遲結扎臍帶在增加嬰兒鐵儲備的同時, 能促進其運動發育, 而對血紅蛋白水平偏低的嬰兒進行早期干預后, 其運動發育水平能產生一定的追趕, 但在短時間內仍稍落后于鐵儲備充足的嬰兒。
目前家長對嬰幼兒的生長發育越來越重視, 嬰兒被動操在我國發達地區已被廣泛開展, 為減少不同的家庭訓練對嬰兒運動發育所產生的誤差, 本組研究對滿月后的所有參與評估的嬰兒進行嬰兒被動操的指導與家庭訓練, 以增強嬰兒的生理機能, 提高嬰兒對外界自然環境的適應能力。
總之, 對于增加嬰兒的鐵儲備、促進嬰兒運動發育的發展, 延遲結扎臍帶是一種簡單、經濟、安全而有效的干預手段。在后期的隨訪過程中, 可以繼續評估嬰幼兒的運動、
語言、認知、社會適應性等情況, 為本項研究提供更多的數據資料。
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[收稿日期:2019-04-18]