劉麗萍
語言能力指在社會情境中,以聽、說、讀、看、寫等方式理解和表達意義的能力。聽、讀、看是理解性技能,說和寫是表達性技能(教育部2018)。理解性技能為語言輸入技能,表達性技能為語言輸出技能。克拉申(Krashen 1985)強調,只有給學習者大量的可理解的語言輸入,才能使其有良好的語言習得。斯旺(Swain 1985)則認為“除了必要的可理解性輸入外,學習者必須要有機會使用所學的語言,才可能達到流利的水平”,闡明了語言輸出對二語習得的重要性。克拉申(1981)指出,閱讀具有一定相似性的作品有利于讀者反復接觸相同的詞匯、語篇特點及背景知識,從而降低閱讀材料的難度。顧雪丹(2019)表明學生閱讀同一主題的多個語篇,能擴大詞匯量和提高閱讀能力,更能產生學以致用的成就感;她也指出閱讀不能孤立地止于閱讀行為本身,更要指向輸出型的表達。可見,教師可以通過同一主題下的多個語篇進行語言輸入活動,并用輸入的語言開展輸出活動,促進語言知識的學習和語言技能的發展。
“以讀和看促寫”即通過閱讀和看的活動進行語篇輸入,并用語篇中的語言知識促進寫的輸出。這使理解性技能和表達性技能在語言學習過程中相互促進,最終使學習者語言能力提高。但是英語課程不再以提高語言能力作為唯一目標。《普通高中英語課程標準(2017年版)》提出普通高中英語課程要發展英語學科核心素養,即發展學生的語言能力、文化意識、思維品質和學習能力。
英語課程內容是發展學生英語學科核心素養的基礎,包括主題語境、語篇類型、語言知識、文化知識、語言技能和學習策略。所有的語言學習活動都應該圍繞某一具體的主題語境,基于不同類型的語篇,運用語言技能獲取、梳理、整合語言知識和文化知識,并運用學習策略,運用所學語言創造性地表達個人意圖、觀點和態度,由此構成六要素整合、指向學科核心素養發展的英語學習活動觀(教育部2018)。
下面就以筆者執教的一堂“以讀和看促寫”課,歸納基于英語學習活動觀的“以讀和看促寫”教學模式,分析該課的教學過程,探討如何基于英語學習活動觀,開展“以讀和看促寫”課,提升英語學科核心素養。該堂課的教學時長為90分鐘,導學案見附錄。

圖1:基于英語學習活動觀的“以讀和看促寫”教學模式
根據圖1可以看出,基于英語學習活動觀的“以讀和看促寫”教學是指在主題或子主題語境中,學生閱讀或觀看同一主題意義下的多個語篇,提取這些語篇的語言表達和文化知識,學習和歸納某個特定語篇的篇章結構,并在主題語境下,運用學習策略,完成教師創設的貼近學生生活的寫作任務。這一教學模式使語言知識與語言技能整合發展,也使文化知識不斷增強、思維品質不斷提升、學習策略不斷提高,六要素整合,發展學科核心素養。
圍繞“人與自我”主題下的“未來職業發展趨勢、個人職業傾向、未來規劃等”子主題,本課例選取了三個求職相關的語篇。語篇一是多模態語篇——美國真人秀節目Celebrity Apprentice(《名人學徒》)第七季第13集的視頻片段,該節目是關于選擇最佳職業人的。該視頻討論職業人身上受雇主欣賞的素養,學生通過聽和看,在空格中填寫表素養的詞匯或短語。語篇二改編自中國日報網的一篇新聞報道(http://language.chinadaily.com.cn/cdaudio/2012-10/25/content_15845849.htm)。介紹了在就業壓力大、找工作難的形勢下很多大學生申請進政府有關部門工作的社會現象。語篇的語言涉及求職和職業規劃。語篇三來源于英國《衛報》,由三篇求職信(https://www.theguardian.com/careers/covering-letter-examples)改編而成,篇章結構清楚。
本課例設置的主題語境為“求職”,依托上述三個語篇,讓學生學習語言知識和文化知識,并在教師設置的英語學習活動中運用學習策略鍛煉和提升語言技能,發展英語學科核心素養。
具體教學過程如下:
Step 1:Setting the scene
1.Students watch a video of the USPresident’s granddaughter Arabella singing Chinese songs and reciting Chinese poems to Chinese President Xi Jinping and First Lady Peng Liyuan.
2.Students review or learn the words and expressionsaccording to the video:
Sheisquitefond of Chinesesongs.
Sheshowsgreat interest in Chinesepoems.
She doesn’t have a good command of Chinese.
Sheisamessenger of China-USrelations.
3.Teacher announcesthewriting task for today’s class—writing an application letter to the president.The detailed requirementsare as follows:
美國總統的外孫女阿拉貝拉(Arabella)將作為中美關系友好使者來訪廈門一周。阿拉貝拉喜歡中國古詩和歌曲,但中文不是很好。現招聘一名中國學生作為阿拉貝拉這一周的私人助理,以便她在廈門能過得充實、愉快。你對該職位很感興趣,計劃寫一封郵件申請該職位。
【設計說明】觀看外國人吟唱中國古詩詞的視頻,既能激發學生的興趣,又能培養其文化自信。通過視頻讓學生復習和學習與主題相關的語言知識,使其在建構中提高語言技能。為寫作任務中真實情境的創設作了鋪墊。
Step 2:Viewing for language
1.Watch a video clip from Celebrity Apprentice and fill in the blanks in the transcripts with expressionsdescribing employees’desirable qualities.
2.Learn the usage of the expressions with sentencesgiven.
★He iscompetent to speak seven languages.
★He hasgreat people skills.
★Heisgreat at raising money.
3.Brainstorm other qualities that are desired by potential employers(見圖2).

圖2
【設計說明】學生通過觀看視頻捕捉并學習對寫作任務有用的詞匯,該環節能促進學生語言知識的學習。“頭腦風暴”活動能激發學生主動參與語言學習活動,進行發散性思維。
Step 3:Reading for language
1.As yesterday’s homework,students preview the article individually,finish the language exercises in the handout and refer to a dictionary when necessary,analyze the structure and underline the linking words in paragraph two,check answers and try their best to remember the language in the exercises.
2.Students work in competitive groups and review orally with words and expressions to finish collocationsand sentence translation exercises(見圖3)etc.

圖3
★從廣告中得知您想要招聘一名記者,我現寫這封信是為了申請這個職位。(hire;apply for the position)
★我能勝任這份工作的理由如下。(be adequate for...)
★我確信我的能力和經歷能達到您的要求,并有望獲得這份工作。(meet your requirements;securethejob)
★我想爭取一下為您工作的機會。(strive for thechanceto)
★我要抓住每一次契機挑戰和提升自己。(seizeevery possibleopportunity to do)
【設計說明】課前自主學習完成導學案中的作業,使學生學會運用學習策略掌握新的語言知識,鍛煉閱讀技能。在課堂中,以小組競爭的形式完成短語搭配和句子翻譯練習,既能培養學生的合作學習能力,又能檢驗其自主學習的效果。
Step 4:Reading for structure
1.Read individually to identify the style and tone of the article and explain the reasons.Find the linking wordsin paragraph two.
2.Work in groups of four.Discuss and draw a mind map as follows to show the structure of the passage and use key words to summarize the main ideasfor each paragraph(見圖4).

圖4
【設計說明】學生通過閱讀分析文章的文體和語氣,概括出主旨大意。這些可以遷移到寫作任務中。應用思維導圖分析文章結構為完成寫作任務奠定了結構基礎。
Step 5:Writing
1.Discuss the questionsin groups of four before writing.
What are the skills/abilities/qualities/experience that are specifically suitable for this position?
What areyour strengthsin applying for thejob?
In what toneshould theletter bewritten?
2.Studentswrite individually(Remind students to use expressions and sentences learnt in this lesson).
3.Teacher demonstrates students’work with a mirroring device and invites students to give points and comments.(total points—25;criteria:learned language—10,structure—5,content—5,tone—2,spelling and grammar—2,handwriting—1)
【設計說明】寫前的四人小組討論可以豐富學生的寫作內容。寫中環節,提醒學生使用本堂課的表達和句型,讓學生在寫中學。寫后的評價可以促進學生向同伴學習,同時可以培養學生的評判性思維。
Step 6:Assigning homework
1.Polish your writing and send it to your class English QQgroup in theform of aphoto.
2.Log onto Zhixue.com to do one complementary exerciseon writing an application letter.
【設計說明】學生把修改好的終稿發送到QQ群供教師修改,教師反饋的內容又可供學生相互學習,圖片內容也方便教師在課堂上通過投屏器直接展示。學生登錄網絡學習平臺完成另外一份求職信的練習,有答案可供參考,讓學生在練習中學寫求職信。
在以主題意義為引領的課堂上,教師要通過創設與主題意義密切相關的語境,充分挖掘主題所承載的文化信息和發展學生思維品質的關鍵點,整合語言知識和語言技能的學習與發展,將特定主題和學生的生活建立密切關聯,鼓勵學生學習和運用語言(教育部2018)。王初明(2005)強調語境對外語學習的重要性,指出任務設計的本質就是針對教學對象,尋求和提供最佳語境,促其發揮外語學習潛力,學用外語。
在導入環節,教師用美國總統訪華時向我國主席及其夫人展示外孫女阿拉貝拉朗誦中國詩詞和吟唱中國民歌的視頻來設置貼近學生生活的語境,并布置該堂課的寫作任務。該視頻讓學生學到寫求職信的有用表達,還使學生了解了阿拉貝拉的相關信息,為寫作中發散思維作好了鋪墊。同時視頻內容能激發學生以中國古詩詞和民歌為傲,堅定文化自信。
教師用面試求職人的真人秀節目臺詞作為語篇輸入,讓學生觀看這段視頻后,填寫并學習受雇主歡迎的素養的短語,也連接了寫作任務中的寫求職信的語境。學生通過“頭腦風暴”歸納出“受雇主歡迎”的其他素養詞匯,這兩項活動都為下文的寫作進行語言、學習策略和思維的鋪墊。
有效的學習策略有助于提高學生學習英語的效果和效率,有助于學生發展自主學習的習慣和能力。元認知策略包括根據學習內容和學習重點,計劃和安排預習和復習;選擇適合的參考書和詞典等工具輔助英語學習。認知策略包括在語境中學習詞匯和語法;通過分類等手段加深對詞匯的理解和記憶;通過掃讀獲取篇章具體信息;根據主題表達的需要,列出主要信息,組織基本信息結構;利用語篇銜接手段,有邏輯地組織信息(教育部2018)。
教師要求學生在課前通過導學案預習閱讀語篇二:使用詞典學習新詞;完成篇章具體信息提取題;列出第二段的結構和主要信息;找出語篇中話題詞匯短語的搭配和歸類;練習與求職信語境相關的翻譯題。學生還需在課前核對練習題的答案,熟悉語篇中的話題詞匯和句型。在課堂上,教師引導學生通過小組合作和競爭的方式復習詞匯,檢驗和鞏固所學的語言知識。這兩項活動都能鍛煉和提升學生的學習能力和學習策略,幫助學生積累語言知識。同時,語篇二所傳遞的信息——就業壓力大,要努力學習和工作才能提高自身競爭力,有利于學生形成努力拼搏、積極向上的價值觀,增強其文化意識。
教師整合《衛報》的三篇求職信,凸顯求職信在結構和內容上的共同點。學生通過閱讀了解該語篇的文體——求職信。通過文本分析,總結出求職信禮貌但又不失自信的語氣。以小組的形式找出連接詞,通過思維導圖分析語篇結構,并用關鍵詞概括段落大意。這些活動培養了學生的語篇和語用知識,認知策略,思維和合作學習的能力。
通過寫前的小組討論,歸納出適合該職位的特定素養、技能和能力等,發揮想象力談談自己申請這一職位的優勢。在思維碰撞后,學生獨立完成寫作。教師運用智能手機和投屏器向學生展示同伴的作品和范文,并邀請學生根據標準打分和點評,鍛煉學生的批判性思維能力。寫前和寫后的活動都能培養學生的思維和合作學習能力。該環節也體現了學科教學與信息技術的緊密融合。
根據同伴和教師的點評修改作文,把完成的作品發至班級英語學習群,讓教師修改和同學賞析點評。同時完成網絡學習平臺上教師發布的一篇補償性練習題。這體現學科教學與信息技術的融合,能幫助學生拓寬學習渠道,培養其學習能力和學習策略。
基于英語學習活動觀的“以讀和看促寫”教學模式,能幫助學生通過多個同一主題語境的語篇,運用學習策略掌握語篇中的語言知識和文化知識,完成教師創設的寫作任務,提高語言技能。基于英語學習活動觀的“以讀和看促寫”教學模式,需要教師發揮創造力,緊扣主題語境和語篇,創設貼近學生生活情境的寫作任務。教師還要充分利用多種渠道,大量地閱讀和觀看、篩選和整合語篇,在利用多模態語篇調動學生學習興趣的同時,幫助學生積累語言、熟悉寫作任務中文體的篇章結構和銜接。教師要充分挖掘語篇的文化知識,培養學生的文化意識;引導學生自主閱讀和寫前小組討論,發揮學生的學習能力和思維潛能,并在教學過程中實現學科教學和信息技術的融合。
附錄
Theme:Human and Self Topic 8:Career and Personal Planning
●Watch and fill in the blanks.
Donald Trump:We started with 14 celebrities and we’re down to 2,Trace and Piers.Ivanka,what do you think?
Ivanka:Ithink you have a very tough job ahead of you.You have two extremely__________________and____________guyswho aretotally different on a personality level.Trace isagreat guy with great___________________.And Piersisaggressive,but effectiveand________________raising money.
Donald Trump:Very good suggestions.But Iwant to just ask,what do you think?What doeseverybody in the audiencethink?
Announcer:New York City,this is the season finale of the Celebrity Apprentice.Now is the biggest celebrity of them all—Donald Trump.
Donald Trump:Thank you.
●List other qualities that are desired by a potential employer.

Ⅰ.Reading for language
Job opportunities as cleaners and drivers at government-related organizations in a Northeast China city haveattracted morethan 7 000 qualified applicants,including 29 peoplewho haveamaster’sdegree.Thecity’s human resourcescenter announced to thepublic theemployment project and job requirementson its website in September and received about 11 500 letters of application.Applicants should be under 30 and must have completed college.In addition,they have to take an examination and go through an interview before they are hired.Nearly 7 200 are qualified for the positions.
The reasons why these jobs have become so popular are as follows.Firstly,people who secure the jobs will enjoy social security benefits equal to local government workers,who can keep their full salary without paying their social security accounts.What’s more,the government will cover their pension after they retire.More importantly,people from outside Harbin will be offered a local hukou,which gives them access to local education and low-priced housing etc.
Although the jobs on offer do not seem satisfactory according to traditional standard,they have become quite sought after.Among those who have applied for the jobs and are adequate for the positions,nearly 3 000 hold a bachelor’sdegree and 29 hold a master’sdegree.Liu Yu who works at a private firm in Harbin,said he applied for thepost of cleaner.Liu studied computer scienceat Jilin University and graduated in 2007.“If Ican pass the exam,Iwill become a staff member of a government organization.The job is much more stable than what Iam doing now,”he said.“Maybe in the first few years the job will be challenging,but Iwill strive for the chance to promote myself.”
It is not surprising that so many people with good educations are competing for cleaning positions,said Meng Lequn,an expert in sociology.“It shows that employment pressure has made many young people realize that they should seizeevery possiblejob opportunity,”hesaid.
1.What are therequirementsfor theapplicants?
*Age:____________________ Education:_____________________
*Take an_____________and go through an__________________.
2.Draw apictureto show how thesecond paragraph isorganized.(Underlinethelinking words.)
3.Makecollocationswith wordsand expressionsfrom thearticleand translatethem into Chinese.

4.Translate thesentencesinto English with wordsand phrasesgiven.
(1)從廣告中得知您想要招聘一個記者,我現寫這封信是為了申請這個職位。(hire;apply for the position)
(2)我能勝任這份工作的理由如下。(The reasonswhy...areasfollows;beadequate for...)
(3)我確信我的能力和經歷能達到您的要求,并有望獲得這份工作。(meet your requirements;secure the job)
(4)我有很好的人際交往能力,能與人很好相處。(peopleskills;which...)
_________________________________________________________________________________________(5)我很擅長與人交流。(begreat at...)
_________________________________________________________________________________________(6)我很好地掌握了軟件編程。(haveagood command of)
_________________________________________________________________________________________(7)我想爭取一下為您工作的機會。(strive for the chance to do)
_________________________________________________________________________________________(8)我要抓住每一次契機挑戰和提升自己。(seizeevery possibleopportunity to do)
_________________________________________________________________________________________(9)期待您的面試。(interview)
Ⅱ.Reading for structure
A letter of application
Dear Mr.Harrison,
I read your newspaper advertisement last week regarding the post for news reporter in your company.I believethat Ipossessthequalitiesyou arelooking for in a newsreporter and Iwould like to apply for thejob.
Firstly,in terms of education,Iam a journalism graduate from a well-known key university.The nature of my degree course has prepared me for this position.It involved a great deal of independent research,requiring initiative,self-motivation and a wide range of skills.Ialso have additional advanced journalism courses,all of which provide me with essential knowledge and abilities to be a reporter.Besides,as a student,I was editor-in-chief of the university publication and I spent a few months of hands-on experience in a publishing company.Aside from this,Ihave attended several trainingson journalism and news writing.These experiences have deepened my understanding of journalism.What’s more,I am enthusiastic and have good interpersonal skills needed for effective journalism.More importantly,Ihave a genuine love for writing.Iam a creative and accurate writer,with a sharp eye for details.Iam convinced that Iam able to take on the responsibility of this position immediately,and have the enthusiasm and determination to ensurethat Imake asuccessof it.
I am keen to work for a company with a great reputation like China Daily.I hope to personally discuss more of my credentials with you.Please contact me at(801)621 4670 for inquiries.Thank you for taking the timeto consider thisapplication and Ilook forward to hearing from you in the near future.Sincerely,
George Roberts
Finish the following exercises.
1.Identify thestructureand add key wordsinto the blanks.

2.Mark thelinking wordsin paragraph 2.
3.What isthetoneof the letter?(Use adjectives.)Why?
Ⅲ.Writing task


*Thinking in writingDear President Donald Trump,
Iam delighted to know that your granddaughter Arabella will come to visit Xiamen—my hometown as the messenger of China-USrelations.
______________________________________________Thanks for
______________________________________________considering me asoneof your potential candidates.Warm welcome to Arabella!Sincerely yours,
Li Hua