李彬子 韓文東 王瑞娟 王珍
·臨床論著·
硬膜外麻醉復合全身麻醉對老年腹部手術患者心肌損傷及凝血纖溶系統(tǒng)的影響
李彬子*韓文東 王瑞娟 王珍
(安陽市第六人民醫(yī)院麻醉科,河南 安陽 455000)
分析老年腹部手術患者應用硬膜外麻醉復合全身麻醉后心肌損傷情況及凝血纖溶系統(tǒng)變化。選取我院2018年3月至2019年3月期間收治的103例老年腹部手術患者,依據隨機單雙號抽簽法分為對照組(n=51)及觀察組(n=52)。對照組患者應用舒芬太尼、咪唑安定、羅庫溴銨、丙泊酚進行全身麻醉,觀察組患者先于T10-T12椎間隙穿刺置管,注入5 mL利多卡因,5 min后給予利多卡因、布比卡因混合液10 mL間斷注入,感覺阻滯達T6平面后,給予舒芬太尼、咪唑安定、羅庫溴銨、丙泊酚進行全身麻醉。觀察兩組患者麻醉前、后凝血纖溶系統(tǒng)指標水平及心肌損傷指標水平變化,并對比兩組患者麻醉中麻醉藥物用量及不良事件發(fā)生率。觀察組術后6 h 心肌肌鈣蛋白I(Cardiac troponin I,cTnI)、凝血酶時間(Thrombin time,TT)、肌酸激酶同工酶(Creatine kinase isoenzymes,CK-MB)水平明顯低于對照組(P<0.05),術后12 h cTnI、纖維蛋白原(Fibrinogen,FIB)、CK-MB水平低于對照組(P<0.05)。丙泊酚、維庫溴銨、舒芬太尼用量及不良事件發(fā)生率低于對照組(P<0.05)。硬膜外麻醉復合全身麻醉能夠有效降低老年腹部手術患者凝血纖溶系統(tǒng)的影響,減輕心肌損傷,減少麻醉用藥,術后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率低。
硬膜外麻醉;全身麻醉;老年;腹部手術;心肌損傷;凝血纖溶系統(tǒng)
手術是臨床上治療疾病的重要方法,治療時能夠快速而有效的直達病灶,消除疾病病因,其療效得到臨床一致肯定[1]。隨著手術在臨床上的廣泛應用,有研究指出[2],患者在手術期間由于手術的創(chuàng)傷,會導致患者出現不同程度的應激反應,而手術應激的出現會導致患者機體器官、組織、臟器功能發(fā)生一系列改變,以保證機體維持穩(wěn)定的內環(huán)境,促使患者生理功能正常,若應激反應長時間存在,會導致機體內氨基酸、游離脂肪酸、血糖等能源物質大量消耗,引起不良反應發(fā)生,處于圍術期的手術患者,應激反應的出現會引起凝血纖溶系統(tǒng)水平發(fā)生異常表達,嚴重時甚至導致肺栓塞、深靜脈血栓等情況發(fā)生,除此之外,神經系統(tǒng)變化主要表現為交感神經過度興奮,極易引起心肌損傷發(fā)生,提升患者術后心血管并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率,老年患者機體體質較差,且合并多種慢性疾病,機體的臟器組織功能減弱,在生理因素的影響下表現更為明顯。圍術期應激反應影響因素較多,常見的有精神、禁食、手術創(chuàng)傷、血容量、疼痛、麻醉、術后不適等,麻醉是手術過程中必不可缺步驟,麻醉質量對于手術效果及患者預后均有著重要影響,同時麻醉方法的選擇對于術中機體組織器官各功能變化亦有著調節(jié)效用[3]。該研究旨在觀察硬膜外麻醉復合全身麻醉在老年腹部手術中的麻醉效果,現報道如下。
選取2018年3月至2019年3月期間來我院就診的103例老年腹部手術患者,采用隨機單雙號抽簽法分為對照組和觀察組。
對照組51例,男30例,女21例;年齡65~81歲,平均72.93±7.01歲;美國紐約心臟病學會(New York Heart Association,NYHA)心功能分級Ⅰ級28例,Ⅱ級23例;美國麻醉醫(yī)師協(xié)會(American Society of Anesthesiologists,ASA)分級Ⅱ級36例,Ⅲ級15例;體質量53~71 kg,平均61.93±5.11 kg;手術類型:膽總管切開取石術8例,膽囊切除術15例,胃癌根治術28例。
觀察組52例,男29例,女23例;年齡66~82歲,平均73.01±6.99歲;NYHA心功能分級Ⅰ級27例,Ⅱ級25例;ASA分級Ⅱ級35例,Ⅲ級17例;體質量52~72kg,平均61.96±5.08 kg;手術類型:膽總管切開取石術11例,膽囊切除術16例,胃癌根治術25例。兩組患者資料無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05),有可比性。納入標準:符合手術指征,ASA分級Ⅱ-Ⅲ級,NYHA分級Ⅰ-Ⅱ級,年齡≥65歲,患者知情,經我院倫理委員會批準。排除標準:合并血液系統(tǒng)疾病者,嚴重肝腎功能障礙者,術前30 d使用免疫抑制劑者。
進入手術室后,均給予生命體征監(jiān)護儀連接,建立靜脈通道,術前禁用其他藥物,對照組患者給予全身麻醉誘導,麻醉藥物舒芬太尼0.4 μg·kg-1、咪唑安定0.03 mg·kg-1、羅庫溴銨0.8 mg·kg-1、丙泊酚3 mg·kg-1,插管后連接呼吸機,丙泊酚3 mg·(kg·h)-1、順阿曲庫溴銨0.2 mg·(kg·h)-1、瑞芬太尼0.01 mg·(kg·h)-1持續(xù)泵入,1.5%七氟醚吸入維持麻醉;觀察組患者先于T10-T12椎間隙穿刺置管,注入5 mL利多卡因,5 min后給予利多卡因、布比卡因混合液10 mL間斷注入,感覺阻滯達T6平面后行全身麻醉,麻醉方法同對照組。
1.3.1 凝血纖溶系統(tǒng)指標水平比較
于患者麻醉前、術后6、12 h檢測并對比凝血酶時間(Thrombin time,TT)、活化部分凝血活酶時間(Activated partial thromboplastin time,APTT)、血小板(Platelet count,PLT)、纖維蛋白原(Fibrinogen,FIB)、凝血酶原時間(Prothrombin time,PT)水平變化。
1.3.2 心肌損傷指標水平
于患者麻醉前、術后即刻、術后6、12 h檢測并對比心肌肌鈣蛋白I(Cardiac troponin I,cTnI)、肌酸激酶同工酶(Creatine kinase isoenzymes,CK-MB)水平變化。
1.3.3 麻醉藥物用量比較
對比兩組患者手術麻醉期間維庫溴銨、丙泊酚及舒芬太尼用量。
1.3.4 對比手術期間不良事件發(fā)生情況。
觀察記錄并比較兩組患者手術期間不良反應發(fā)生。

術后6 h ,對照組患者TT水平高于觀察組,術后12 h,FIB水平高于觀察組(P<0.05),見表1。

表1 凝血纖溶系統(tǒng)水平對比(±SD)
注:與麻醉前比較,*P<0.05;與對照組比較,#P<0.05。
兩組患者術后即刻、6 h及術后12 h cTnI、CK-MB水平均較麻醉前升高。對照組術后6 h及術后12 h cTnI、CK-MB水平高于觀察組患者(P<0.05),見表2。
對照組患者麻醉過程中維庫溴銨、丙泊酚、舒芬太尼用量均高于觀察組(P<0.05),見表3。
觀察組出現心絞痛2例,心律失常1例,不良事件發(fā)生率5.77%(3/52),對照組出現心肌梗死2例,心律失常2例,心力衰竭1例,心絞痛5例,不良事件發(fā)生率19.61%(10/51),有統(tǒng)計學意義(=4.4711,P<0.05)。
手術是臨床上重要的治療手段之一,由于創(chuàng)傷的刺激,患者在圍術期間多伴有不同程度的應激反應,老年患者由于生理功能退化,合并多重基礎疾病等因素影響,在圍術期應激反應更為明顯[4]。臨床分析認為[5],圍術期應激反應的發(fā)生與手術創(chuàng)傷及麻醉均有著重要關聯。
近年來,隨著微創(chuàng)醫(yī)學在臨床的廣泛開展,當前手術方式對于機體的損傷已降至最小范圍,短時間內手術方式的優(yōu)化希望較小,因此,對于麻醉方式的優(yōu)化以引起臨床的重視。
全身麻醉是老年腹部手術患者較為常用的麻醉方式,其具有維持患者術中氧氣供應,抑制迷走神經興奮,保證手術順利進行效用。隨著臨床研究的不斷深入,有研究表明[6],單純全身麻醉雖能夠維持手術順利進行,但是,其對術中患者機體血流動力學水平并無明顯調節(jié)效用,不能夠預防改善圍術期患者機體應激反應,影響整體麻醉質量及手術效果[7]。

表2 心肌損傷指標水平對比(±SD)
注:與麻醉前比較,*P<0.05;與對照組比較,#P<0.05。

表3 兩組患者麻醉藥物用量對比(±SD,mg)
注:與對照組比較,#P<0.05。
本文研究顯示,對照組患者在術后6 h、12 h患者的TT、APTT、PLT、FIB、PT水平均較麻醉前明顯改變,而觀察組患者僅有APTT在術后明顯提升,表明手術對機體的損傷能夠引起患者在圍術期間凝血纖溶系統(tǒng)異常改變,通過改善麻醉方式能夠有效降低手術應激對于機體的影響。同時,觀察組患者術后6 h、12 h cTnI、CK-MB改變幅度均顯著低于對照組患者,提示硬膜外阻滯麻醉復合全身麻醉應用于老年腹部手術患者,能夠有效減輕患者心肌損傷,且效果優(yōu)于單純全身麻醉患者。在保持同樣麻醉效果前提下,能夠進一步減少患者在麻醉期間藥物使用量,更利于老年患者術后機體代謝,同時能夠有效降低患者術后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率,該研究內,觀察組患者術中麻醉藥物用量及術后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率亦證明這一觀點。
臨床分析認為,硬膜外阻滯復合全身麻醉結合兩種麻醉方式的優(yōu)點,聯合應用,優(yōu)勢互補,能夠通過抑制凝血機制激活,調節(jié)組織纖維蛋白溶酶原、纖溶酶原水平,擴張血管,提升血管流量,降低血液黏度,改善微循環(huán)障礙及外周血管阻力,緩解心臟氧耗,調節(jié)心率,減輕心肌損傷,產生減輕應激反應,保護心臟功能的效用,進而有效降低患者術后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率[8]。
羅小剛[9]等學者研究證實,對老年腹部手術患者應用硬膜外麻醉復合全身麻醉后,顯著降低對老年腹部手術患者凝血功能的影響,與該研究結果一致。
綜上所述,硬膜外麻醉復合全身麻醉通過抑制凝血機制激活,降低血液黏度,改善微循環(huán)障礙等應用于老年腹部手術患者效果顯著,有效降低對患者凝血纖溶系統(tǒng)的影響,減輕心肌損傷及術后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率,值得臨床推廣應用。
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2 周醫(yī)齋, 班志超, 朱浩. 質子泵抑制劑預防骨科擇期手術后應激性潰瘍[J]. 中國中西醫(yī)結合外科雜志, 2019, 25(4): 501-504.
3 徐珂嘉, 蘇喆, 陶偉民, 等. 硬膜外阻滯復合全身麻醉對老年腹部手術患者凝血纖溶功能及心肌的影響[J]. 山東醫(yī)藥, 2015, 55(21): 45-47.
4 李曄. 比較硬膜外麻醉復合全身麻醉、單純全身麻醉對老年腹部手術患者心肌損傷的具體情況[J]. 中西醫(yī)結合心血管病電子雜志, 2019, 7(14): 53-53.
5 劉杰, 陳文美, 馮成, 等. 硬膜外阻滯復合全身麻醉對降低老年患者上腹部術后肺部感染的作用[J]. 中國藥物與臨床, 2019, 19(9): 1393-1396.
6 張茂先, 張莉, 方芳, 等. 不同麻醉方法對老年上腹部手術患者術后急性期認知功能的影響[J]. 寧夏醫(yī)學雜志, 2019, 41(8): 745-746.
7 王軍, 丁捷. 全麻復合硬膜外麻醉對老年腹部手術患者凝血指標與血漿褪黑素水平的影響[J]. 中國老年學雜志, 2019, 39(7): 1614-1617.
8 蔡強. 全身麻醉復合硬膜外麻醉對老年腹部手術患者術后肺部感染及肺功能的影響[J]. 中國老年學雜志, 2017, 37(9): 2241-2243.
9 羅小剛. 硬膜外麻醉復合全身麻醉與單純全身麻醉對老年腹部手術患者心肌損傷對比研究[J]. 空軍醫(yī)學雜志, 2017, 33(5): 315-318.
Effects of epidural anesthesia combined with general anesthesia on myocardial injury and coagulation and fibrinolysis system in elderly patients undergoing abdominal surgery
Li Bin-zi*, Han Wen-dong, Wang Rui-juan, Wang Zhen
(Department of Anesthesiology, The Sixth People's Hospital of Anyang, Anyang 455000, Henan)
To investigate the effects of epidural anesthesia combined with general anesthesia on the myocardial injury and the changes of the coagulation and fibrinolysis system in elderly patients undergoing abdominal surgery.All together, 103 elderly patients with abdominal surgery admitted to our hospital from March 2018 to March 2019 were randomly divided into the control group (n=51) and the observation group (n=52). Patients in the control group underwent general anesthesia with sufentanil, midazolam, rocuronium bromide, and propofol. Patients in the observation group were treated with T10-T12 intervertebral space puncture. And lidocaine 5 mL was given 5 min later. 10 mL of lidocaine and bupivacaine mixture was injected intermittently. After the sensory block reached the T6 plane, general anesthesia was induced with sufentanil, midazolam, rocuronium bromide and propofol. The level of post-coagulation, fibrinolysis system, myocardial injury index, the anesthetic dosage, and adverse event rate in anesthesia was compared between the two groups.Cardiac troponin I (cTnI), thrombin time (TT), and creatine kinase isoenzymes (CK-MB) levels in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). The levels of cTnI, fibrinogen (FIB) and CK-MB in the observation group were less than the control group at 12 h after operation (P<0.05). The amount of Propofol, vecuronium bromide and sufentanil, and the incidence of adverse events in the observation group were lower than those of the control group (P<0.05).Epidural anesthesia combined with general anesthesia effectively reduces the influence of the coagulation and fibrinolysis system in elderly patients with abdominal surgery, decrease myocardial damage, and has a low incidence of postoperative complications.
Epidural anesthesia; General anesthesia; Aged; Abdominal surgery; Myocardial injury; Coagulation and fibrinolysis system
Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding
Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, et al.
BACKGROUND: In late December, 2019, patients presenting with viral pneumonia due to an unidentified microbial agent were reported in Wuhan, China. A novel coronavirus was subsequently identified as the causative pathogen, provisionally named 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). As of Jan 26, 2020, more than 2000 cases of 2019-nCoV infection have been confirmed, most of which involved people living in or visiting Wuhan, and human-to-human transmission has been confirmed.
METHODS: We did next-generation sequencing of samples from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and cultured isolates from nine inpatients, eight of whom had visited the Huanan seafood market in Wuhan. Complete and partial 2019-nCoV genome sequences were obtained from these individuals. Viral contigs were connected using Sanger sequencing to obtain the full-length genomes, with the terminal regions determined by rapid amplification of cDNA ends. Phylogenetic analysis of these 2019-nCoV genomes and those of other coronaviruses was used to determine the evolutionary history of the virus and help infer its likely origin. Homology modelling was done to explore the likely receptor-binding properties of the virus.
FINDINGS: The ten genome sequences of 2019-nCoV obtained from the nine patients were extremely similar, exhibiting more than 99·98% sequence identity. Notably, 2019-nCoV was closely related (with 88% identity) to two bat-derived severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-like coronaviruses, bat-SL-CoVZC45 and bat-SL-CoVZXC21, collected in 2018 in Zhoushan, eastern China, but were more distant from SARS-CoV (about 79%) and MERS-CoV (about 50%). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 2019-nCoV fell within the subgenus Sarbecovirus of the genus Betacoronavirus, with a relatively long branch length to its closest relatives bat-SL-CoVZC45 and bat-SL-CoVZXC21, and was genetically distinct from SARS-CoV. Notably, homology modelling revealed that 2019-nCoV had a similar receptor-binding domain structure to that of SARS-CoV, despite amino acid variation at some key residues.
INTERPRETATION: 2019-nCoV is sufficiently divergent from SARS-CoV to be considered a new human-infecting betacoronavirus. Although our phylogenetic analysis suggests that bats might be the original host of this virus, an animal sold at the seafood market in Wuhan might represent an intermediate host facilitating the emergence of the virus in humans. Importantly, structural analysis suggests that 2019-nCoV might be able to bind to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor in humans. The future evolution, adaptation, and spread of this virus warrant urgent investigation.
(From Lancet. 2020, pii: S0140-6736(20)30251-8.)
李彬子,男,主治醫(yī)師,主要從事臨床麻醉,Email:lbzzyd@163. com。
(2019-11-1)