盧嘉儀 阮婉芬 李彩環


【摘要】 目的:研究機械通氣下早產兒顱內出血(ICH)的高危因素及防治措施。方法:回顧性分析2006-2015年本院新生兒科收治的使用機械通氣的患兒428例,選取其中生后6 h內入院,均需機械通氣的患兒111例,將<37周的早產兒,需機械通氣,并發生ICH的9例患兒作為研究組,將同一時期≥37周足月兒,需機械通氣的30例患兒作為對照組。運用單因素和多因素等回歸調查分析出機械通氣下,早產兒ICH的高危因素及防治措施。結果:兩組胎膜早破≥18 h、多胎妊娠、自然分娩、機械通氣≥7 d比較,差異均有統計學意義(P<0.05)。多因素用Logistic回歸分析結果顯示,自然分娩、胎膜早破≥18 h、多胎妊娠、機械通氣≥7 d均為早產兒ICH的獨立危險因素(P<0.05)。體重和胎齡為機械通氣下發生ICH早產兒相對危險因素(P<0.05)。結論:影響機械通氣早產兒顱內出血的高危因素眾多,自然分娩、多胎妊娠、胎齡、出生體重、胎膜早破、產前應用地塞米松、機械通氣時間、羊水異常、臍帶繞頸與機械通氣早產兒ICH有密切關系,其中以自然分娩、多胎妊娠、胎齡、出生體重、胎盤早破、機械通氣時間尤為重要,在臨床檢查中需要及時進行相應措施,減少顱內出血發生率,為患兒提供良好的預后。
【關鍵詞】 顱內出血 機械通氣 早產兒 高危因素 預防措施
[Abstract] Objective: To study the risk factors and prevention and treatment of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) in premature infants under mechanical ventilation. Method: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 428 cases of mechanical ventilation in neonatology admitted to our hospital from 2006 to 2015. There were 111 children who needed mechanical ventilation and admission within 6 hours after birth. The study group included 9 premature infants (<37 weeks) who needed mechanical ventilation and had ICH. The control group consisted of 30 children requiring mechanical ventilation at the same time ≥37 weeks full months. The high risk factors and preventive measures of ICH in premature infants under mechanical ventilation were analyzed by regression investigation of single and multiple factors. Result: There were more than 18 hours of PROM, more than 7 days of multiple pregnancy, natural delivery and mechanical ventilation between the two groups, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that, spontaneous delivery, prom ≥18 h, multiple pregnancy and mechanical ventilation ≥7 d were independent risk factors of ICH in preterm infants (P<0.05). The body weight and gestational age were mechanical ventilation, the relative risk factors of premature infants without ICH and ICH (P<0.05). Conclusion: Influence mechanical ventilation of intracerebral hemorrhage premature infants at high risk of numerous factors, natural birth, multiple pregnancy, gestational age, birth weight, premature rupture of membranes, application of prenatal dexamethasone, mechanical ventilation time and abnormal amniotic fluid, umbilical cord around the neck, has close relationship with mechanical ventilation premature, for example, in which natural childbirth, multiple pregnancy, gestational age, birth weight, premature rupture of the placenta, mechanical ventilation time is particularly important in the clinical examination needs in a timely manner appropriate measures, reduce the incidence of intracranial hemorrhage, provide patients with good prognosis.
研究表明,胎齡、出生體重、宮內窘迫、窒息、自然分娩、孕期感染、機械通氣、VAP都與機械通氣早產兒腦室周圍-腦室內出血有一定關系[14]。在本文中,通過與機械通氣下早產兒與機械通氣下足月兒的對比分析,胎膜早破≥18 h、多胎妊娠、自然分娩、機械通氣≥7 d比較,差異均有統計學意義(P<0.05)。且多因素用Logistic回歸分析結果顯示,自然分娩、胎膜早破≥18 h、多胎妊娠、機械通氣≥7 d均為ICH的獨立危險因素(P<0.05)。機械通氣下發生ICH早產兒與機械通氣下未發生ICH早產兒比較,體重和胎齡為發生ICH早產兒獨立危險因素(P<0.05)。分析其原因是早產兒的腦血管內結構比較特殊,且早產兒血管內的血流動力和凝血機制不同所造成的[15]。孕婦在產前使用地塞米松對早產兒起到了一定的保護作用。由于早產兒顱內出血的主要原因就是早產兒管膜下的胚胎發育不成熟所致,而使用地塞米松類皮質激素藥后,可以使早產兒在一定程度上使鼠脈絡叢毛細血管成熟,減少顱內出的發生[16-17]。產前使用地塞米松不僅可以使早產兒腦部血管發展成熟,還可以使其神經具有一定的保護作用,提高早產兒的應激性,同時也降低了腦室內出血的發生。隨著呼吸機不斷使用,機械通氣也使得ICH的發生概率變大[18]。由于機械通氣可以使早產兒的血流動力發生改變,血流速度增快,導致早產兒患有ICH的危險性增高。同時,吸入高濃度的氧氣也是顱內出血的危險因素之一,因此,臨床上可以采取產前服用地塞米松,早產兒減少使用呼吸機和吸入高濃度氧氣來降低顱內出血的發生率[19-20]。
綜上所述,機械通氣早產兒顱內出血的高危因素眾多,在臨床檢查中需要及時進行相應措施,為患兒提供良好的預后。
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(收稿日期:2019-12-11) (本文編輯:姬思雨)