于然 賈立群 婁彥妮



[摘要] 目的 挖掘中藥外用治療手足綜合征(HFS)的組方規律。 方法 以“手足綜合征”或“手足皮膚反應”為關鍵詞在萬方數據庫、中國知網、維普網檢索2019年9月之前的所有文獻,篩選中藥外治組方,使用Excel 2019進行數據錄入,對組方中的中藥進行頻數統計分析,對高頻中藥使用R語言3.6.0的“arules”包進行關聯規則分析,尋找關聯性較強的中藥組合。此外SPSS 20.0對高頻中藥進行聚類分析,得出治療HFS最主要的功效集合。 結果 共納入80個外治組方,使用頻率>10次的中藥有15味。關聯規則分析產生關聯性最強的藥對有11個,藥物間關聯性最強的中藥有4味:黃芪、紅花、桂枝、當歸。聚類分析將高頻中藥主要聚為兩類:益氣活血、溫經通絡。 結論 中藥外用治療HFS主要以益氣活血、溫經通絡為主,同時配合清熱解毒、養血潤燥。
[關鍵詞] 中藥組方;外治;手足綜合征;關聯規則;數據挖掘;用藥規律
[中圖分類號] R242? ? ? ? ? [文獻標識碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1673-7210(2020)05(c)-0139-04
Exploration on the rule of traditional Chinese medicine in external treatment of hand foot syndrome based on association rule and cluster analysis
YU Ran1,2? ?JIA Liqun2? ?LOU Yanni2▲
1.Internal Oncology Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital of Health Ministry, Beijing? ?100029, China; 2.Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing? ?100029, China
[Abstract] Objective To search and analyze medication rules of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for hand foot syndrome (HFS). Methods Articles were searched from CNKI, Wanfang data and VIP network by the words of “hand foot syndrome” or “hand foot skin reaction” before September 2019. The formulas of external use for HFS was screened, and the data was logged in excel 2019. The association rules were conducted using “arules” of R 3.6.0 to search for TCM composition with strong association and cluster analysis was conducted by SPSS 20.0 for herbs of high frequency to research main combination of TCM for HFS. Results Eighty TCM formulas was included. There were 15 herbs that using frequency was more than 10. According to medication rules, 11 herb-partners had strong combination. Herbs which had the most strong internal relationship were Radix Astragali seu Hedysari, Flos Carthami, Ramulus Cinnamomi, Radix Angelicae Sinensis. Cluster analysis produced two main treatment aspects: benefiting qi for activating blood circulation, warming womb and channels and dredging channels. Conclusion The external application of TCM in treating HFS is mainly through benefiting qi for activating blood circulation, warming womb and channels and dredging channels, as well as clearing heat and removing toxicity and nourishing blood for moistening dryness.
[Key words] Herbal formula; External treatment; Hand foot syndrome; Association rules; Data mining; Regularity of herbal medicine
手足綜合征(HFS)是一種由化療藥物引起的手足皮膚不良反應。HFS的總發病率為6%~64%,卡培他濱發病率為50%~60%[1]。HFS主要表現為皮膚色素沉著、腫脹、開裂、脫皮、疼痛、指甲脫落[2-3],甚至導致患者指紋消失,無法指紋識別[4]。個別可能致死[5]。HFS機制目前不清,可能與COX炎癥受體、卡培他濱藥物累積及代謝有關[6-7]。維生素B6及尿素軟膏有效性仍有爭論[8-11]。文獻報道,普瑞巴林[12]、塞來昔布[13]及康復新液[14]是治療HFS潛在有效的藥物。目前最有效的措施仍為局部護理[2]和藥量調整。但是減藥、停藥可能會影響抗腫瘤療效[15-16]。中藥煎劑泡洗在臨床上有一定療效,文獻中不乏有經驗報道,甚至隨機對照研究[17],但中藥運用多基于皮損辨證及個人經驗,用藥組方各有差異。本文目的即通過文獻檢索及數據挖掘探索中藥泡洗治療HFS的用藥規律。
1 資料與方法
1.1 數據來源
由于發表文獻中HFS與手足皮膚反應時有混淆,故以“手足綜合征”或“手足皮膚反應”檢索2019年9月前所有文獻,以確保檢索全面。從中國知網、萬方數據庫、維普共檢索出119篇與中藥治療相關文獻,經篩選得到75個中藥外治組方。將組方編號后錄入Excel表,并根據《中國藥典》[18]統一藥名。經雙人核對,確保錄入準確。見圖1。
1.2 統計學方法
關聯規則基于R語言3.6.0“arules”包[19]的Apriori算法進行,分別計算各關聯規則的支持度、置信度和提升度。支持度表示前項藥物和后項藥物同時出現的頻率;置信度表示前項藥物出現的前提下后項藥物出現概率[置信度(X=>Y)=支持度(X=>Y)/支持度(X)];提升度表示規則可靠性[提升度(X=>Y)=置信度(X=>Y)/支持度(X)],提升度=1表明前后項藥物無關聯,提升度>1表明兩者關聯,其中>3表明強關聯,而提升度<1表明兩者相排斥。此外使用SPSS 20.0統計軟件對75個中藥外治方進行聚類分析,采用二分類數據平方Euclidean距離法,探索HFS主要證型規律。
2 結果
2.1 頻數統計
治療HFS共有方劑80個,中藥113味,前4味中藥為桂枝、紅花、當歸、黃芪,出現頻率均>40%。其中5個方劑僅含單味中藥,分別是紫草、黃柏、金銀花。前15味中藥出現頻數、頻率見表1。
2.2 藥味藥性分析
對頻數>10次的15種中藥進行藥味藥性分析,同一種藥物具有多種藥味的均算在內。藥性主要有溫(261次,68.3%)、寒(53次,13.9%)、平(68次,17.8%),藥味主要包括甘(244次,47.9%)、辛(167次,32.8%)、苦(73次,14.3%)、酸(25次,4.9%)。見圖2。
2.3 關聯規則分析
排除僅單味中藥的方劑(黃柏)后對中藥頻數>10的14味中藥進行關聯規則分析,設最小支持度閾值為0.3,最小置信度閾值為0.8,結果共產生612個規則,分布見圖3,散點圖顏色越深表明提升度越大。關聯規則分析按支持度排序前10的關聯規則見表2,按提升度排序前10的關聯規則見表3。此外,對出現頻率較高的14味中藥進行網絡圖分析,連線越粗表明其關聯性越強。見圖4。
兩藥組合與三藥組合各取前5)
2.4 聚類分析
主要被聚為兩大類,其中威靈仙、細辛、紫草、桃仁、金銀花、川烏及當歸、黃芪、桂枝、紅花分別聚為一類,川芎、赤芍、雞血藤、白芍聚類效果不佳。見圖5。此外,在第一類中明顯產生兩小類,分別是威靈仙+細辛和紫草+金銀花。
3 討論
HFS是一種藥物依賴性不良反應,停藥或減量后逐漸自愈,時間長短隨皮膚修復速度而異。臨床上中藥泡洗手腳可減輕癥狀,加速皮膚修復由于中藥干預HFS文獻有限,所以文獻中認為出現次數>10次為高頻中藥,對組方中14味高頻中藥進行關聯規則+中藥網絡關系分析,中藥外洗治療HFS最主要的用藥為黃芪、紅花、當歸、桂枝,主要作用為益氣活血、溫經通絡。現代研究也顯示,黃芪、當歸、紫草三藥可明顯促進皮膚創傷愈合[20]。黃芪、桂枝其實是黃芪桂枝五物湯的重要組成,《金匱要略》:“血痹,……外證身體不仁,黃芪桂枝五物湯主之。”HFS由化療藥毒引起血敗肉腐、氣血不通,出現肢體感覺異常,肌膚不榮則皸裂變暗,正符合血痹定義。提升度較高的組合中也發現,活血通絡中藥常聯合使用。
聚類分析研究發現,當歸、黃芪、桂枝、紅花被明顯聚為一類,與關聯規則分析結果一致,黃芪為補氣要藥,當歸、紅花為活血經典組合,《醫學真傳·氣血》曰:“氣為血之帥,血為氣之母。”氣血總是相輔相成。同時紅花、當歸配伍使用可促進有效成分析出[21]。HFS多氣血失常、寒凝血瘀紅花配當歸活血養血,再加桂枝溫經通絡,在臨床上也多獲佳效。紫草-金銀花明顯聚為一小類,起到清熱解毒的作用,而中藥藥味和藥性分析也顯示,治療HFS的中藥以甘溫辛散為主,兼苦寒降泄。
總結分析中藥主要通過益氣活血、溫經通絡治療HFS,同時加用清熱解毒、養血潤燥中藥協同增效。本研究主要基于所發表文獻及用藥概率進行,臨床運用中并不一定拘泥于高頻藥物,如黃柏在臨床中也有一定療效[22]。本文只是對中藥治療HFS的初步探索,對臨床用藥有一定的參考價值,仍需進一步對其有效性及可靠性進行研究。
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(收稿日期:2019-12-05? 本文編輯:李亞聰)