劉乃香 曹倩 陳瑞 呂蓓 侯可峰 李自普

[摘要] 目的 觀察先天性心臟病病兒圍手術期血清降鈣素原(PCT)、白細胞介素6(IL-6)及C反應蛋白(CRP)水平的變化規律。方法 收集2018年6—8月我院收治的63例擬行體外循環下心內直視手術的先天性心臟病病兒,分別于術前以及術后第1、2、3、7天采集靜脈血檢測血清PCT、IL-6及CRP水平。結果 先天性心臟病病兒血清PCT、IL-6水平在實施體外循環后開始升高,術后第1天達峰值,之后緩慢下降,至術后第7天接近正常水平;CRP水平在術后第2天達峰值,后漸降至正常。術后PCT峰值水平與手術時間相關(r=0.411,P<0.01),術后第2、3、7天的PCT水平與手術時間也存在相關性(r=0.259~0.286,P<0.05);而術后各時間點IL-6、CRP水平與手術時間均無相關性(P>0.05)。不同年齡、病種、術前N端腦鈉肽前體水平的先天性心臟病病兒比較,術后第1、2、3天血清PCT水平差異有統計學意義(Z=2.10~3.78,P<0.05)。結論 血清PCT、IL-6水平在先天性心臟病病兒體外循環術后開始升高,術后第1天達峰值,之后緩慢下降,至術后第7天接近正常水平;而CRP水平在術后第2天達峰值,后漸降至正常。年齡、心功能狀態及手術復雜性可影響病兒術后PCT的水平變化。
[關鍵詞] 心臟病;圍手術期;降鈣素;白細胞介素6;C反應蛋白質;兒童
[中圖分類號] R725.411 ?[文獻標志碼] A ?[文章編號] 2096-5532(2020)05-0592-05
doi:10.11712/jms.2096-5532.2020.56.097 [開放科學(資源服務)標識碼(OSID)]
[ABSTRACT] Objective To observe the dynamic changes in serum procalcitonin (PCT), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and C-reactive protein (CRP) in children with congenital heart disease (CHD) during the perioperative period. ?Methods Sixty-three children with CHD, who were admitted to our hospital from June to August 2018 and planned to undergo open-heart surgery with extracorporeal circulation, were enrolled in the study. Venous blood samples were collected from the patients before operation and on the first, second, third, and seventh days after operation to measure serum PCT, IL-6, and CRP levels. ?Results The serum levels of PCT and IL-6 began to increase after extracorporeal circulation, reached their peaks on the first postoperative day, and then decreased slowly until approaching the normal levels on the seventh postoperative day. The CRP level peaked on the second postoperative day and then gradually decreased to the normal level. The peak level of PCT after operation was significantly correlated with operation time (r=0.411,P<0.01), and the PCT level on the second, third, and seventh days after operation was also significantly correlated with operation time (r=0.259-0.286,P<0.05); neither IL-6 nor CRP level at each time point after operation was significantly correlated with operation time (P>0.05). The serum PCT level on the first, second, third days after operation was significantly different between different age groups, different CHD type groups, and different N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide level groups (Z=2.10-3.78,P<0.05). ?Conclusion The serum levels of PCT and IL-6 in children with CHD began to increase after extracorporeal circulation, reached their peaks on the first postoperative day, and then decreased slowly until approaching the normal levels on the seventh postoperative day; the CRP level peaked on the second postoperative day and then gradually decreased to the normal level. Age, cardiac function, and surgical complexity are the factors that influence the changes in serum PCT level in CHD children after operation.
3 討 ?論
PCT為降鈣素前體,正常生理情況下主要由甲狀腺C細胞和肺內的一些神經內分泌細胞產生,不具有激素活性。在細菌感染時,細菌內毒素和腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)、IL-6等細胞因子誘導肝臟的巨噬細胞、肺及腸道組織的淋巴細胞合成并分泌PCT,導致血清PCT水平迅速升高。目前,臨床上常用的發熱、白細胞計數、血紅細胞沉降率及CRP等傳統監測指標對炎癥反應的靈感度較高,但特異度低[4],且很難區分CPB引起的非感染全身炎癥及感染相關性炎癥。1993年,ASSICOT等[3]首次提出PCT可作為敗血癥和感染的生物標志物,并報告其水平與細菌感染的嚴重程度有關。在大手術(如心胸及腹部手術等)、嚴重創傷、大面積燒傷等應激下,即使沒有細菌感染也可以激發體內TNF-α、IL-6及IL-8等炎性細胞因子釋放而誘導血清PCT水平升高,這是一種非特異性表現[5-6]。1998年,HEN-SEL等[7]在急性肺損傷的研究中發現,所有病人血清PCT濃度均顯著升高。而手術后即使無感染,血清PCT水平亦會出現一過性升高,且常與CPB術后炎癥反應密切相關。KILGER等[8]研究結果顯示,術后血清PCT水平顯著升高,且行CPB術病人的血清PCT水平比未行CPB術病人高。在CPB下行心內直視手術會影響血清PCT水平[9]。文獻報道,在無全身感染情況下,術后血清PCT水平升高,可能與手術創傷、CPB時間、手術時間及主動脈阻斷時間等有一定相關性[10-11]。但有關先心病病兒CPB術后血清PCT變化方面的研究較少。因此,本研究探討了先心病病兒在CPB下行心內直視手術圍手術期血清PCT水平的變化規律,結果顯示,所有病兒術前血清PCT水平均在正常范圍內,在CPB術后無感染的情況下,病兒血清PCT水平在術后24 h內升高并達峰值,術后第2、3天逐漸下降,術后第7天可降至正常水平。對多數病人來說,在無感染等并發癥情況下,術后3~5 d內血清PCT水平逐漸下降到正常范圍內[10];當發生術后感染等并發癥時,SIRS可持續存在,從而導致血清PCT水平持續保持較高水平。另有臨床研究發現,新生兒出生后2 d內血清PCT水平生理性增高,達峰值后逐漸恢復到成人水平[12]。不同年齡病兒行CPB后血清PCT水平是否有差異有待研究。本文研究結果顯示,年齡≤1歲病兒術后第1、2、3天的血清PCT水平均較年齡>1歲病兒高,差異具有統計學意義。因此,年齡可能是影響CPB后血清PCT水平的重要因素。MALLAMACI等[13]研究顯示,心功能不全病人血清PCT水平升高,原因可能與心功能不全時肺部充血顯著,易導致肺部細菌生長,從而導致肺部感染率增高有關。國內外的研究均證實,NT-ProBNP在心力衰竭病人血清中的含量與心力衰竭的嚴重程度呈正相關[14-15]。本研究結果顯示,術前NT-ProBNP>125 ng/L病兒術后第1、2、3天的血清PCT水平明顯高于NT-ProBNP≤125 ng/L病兒。提示心功能狀態亦可能是影響血清PCT水平的重要因素之一。先心病病種不同,手術的復雜程度就不同,對病兒血清PCT水平的變化也有所影響[16-17]。本研究用先心病病種復雜程度分類代表手術的復雜程度,結果表明手術復雜程度亦可影響血清PCT水平變化。
IL-6是一種由兩條糖蛋白組成的多肽,主要由單核細胞和巨噬細胞產生,在炎癥反應調節中起核心作用,可誘導肝細胞和肺內成纖維細胞合成釋放CRP、PCT等急性時相蛋白。某些非感染因素亦會引起血清IL-6水平的非特異性升高[18]。血清IL-6水平升高的程度與病情嚴重程度及死亡率顯著相關,可作為判斷預后及觀察療效的指標之一[19-20]。IL-6可調節急性期蛋白質產生,終止B細胞免疫球蛋白分化和分泌,使T細胞失活,也是一種內源性致熱原。IL-6主要來源于心肌,和心肌損害具有密切相關性[21]。有文獻報道,在兒童心臟手術后IL-6水平升高[22]。本研究中,NT-ProBNP>125 ng/L病兒術后第3天的血清IL-6水平明顯高于NT-ProBNP≤125 ng/L病兒,而術后其他時間點兩組無明顯差異,提示心功能不全可能對血清IL-6水平的下降程度具有一定影響,但這還需進一步研究。CRUICKSHANK等[23]對不同手術類型病人的檢測結果顯示,血清IL-6水平在切皮后2~4 h均升高,在術后24 h內達到峰值,后逐漸降至正常水平,這與本研究結果一致。CRUICKSHANK等[23]的研究還結果顯示,血清IL-6水平與手術復雜程度有密切關系,手術越復雜,手術持續時間越長,IL-6水平越高。本研究結果則顯示,手術復雜程度與血清IL-6水平無關,并且手術時間與血清IL-6水平也無明顯相關性。本研究結果與上述文獻報道不一致,可能是由于IL-6的半衰期短,兩研究的標本采集時間差異較大有一定關系。
CRP是在機體受到創傷或炎癥造成組織損傷時,由肝臟細胞在IL-6作用下合成釋放入血的一種非特異性急性時相蛋白。在感染或任何組織創傷等應激狀態下(包括急性創傷、燒傷及手術等非感染狀態),CRP水平均顯著增高[24]。已有研究顯示,病人血清CRP水平均在心臟術后第3天達到峰值[10]。本研究結果顯示,CPB術后在無感染狀態下,血清CRP水平逐漸升高,在術后第2天達峰值后逐漸下降,至術后第7天大致恢復正常水平,且血清CRP水平不受年齡、心功能狀態及手術時間的影響。
綜上所述,在CPB術后無感染情況下,血清PCT水平一過性增高,與年齡、心功能狀態、手術復雜程度及手術時間等存在一定關系。臨床上可于CPB術后24 h開始檢測血清PCT水平,若在術后第3天沒有迅速下降,應警惕感染及并發癥可能。了解CPB術后PCT的變化規律,對臨床針對性治療有一定指導作用,可合理指導抗生素的應用,預防術后并發癥的發生。
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(本文編輯 馬偉平)