歷史傳統、官兵結構與ROTC軍官占比的軍種差異

王馨安

摘? ?要： 美軍的ROTC項目是世界范圍內最為成功的軍民融合培養后備軍官項目。在中文現有研究中，ROTC項目被視為一個整體，其內部軍種差異并未得到過多關注。然而美國海軍陸戰隊的ROTC軍官占比遠低于其他三個軍種，這里面的原因值得探討。比較各個軍種的ROTC項目，官兵一體的內部結構導致海軍陸戰隊ROTC畢業生的初入軍隊相對等級較高，能力素質與崗位需求差距大，使得ROTC培養的軍官在海軍陸戰隊的占比極低。致力于探究依托地方大學培養后備軍官項目的限制性因素，推動我國對美軍軍官培訓體系的研究，可為我軍的軍民融合人才培養之路提供有價值參考。

關鍵詞： 歷史傳統; 官兵結構; POTC; 軍種

中圖分類號： E251.3;E712? ? ? ? ? ? ?文獻標識碼：? A? ? ? ? ? ? ?DOI：10.13411/j.cnki.sxsx.2020.03.021

Historical Tradition， the Structure of Officers and

Soldiers and the Differences in the Proportion of ROTC Officers

WANG Xin-an

（Peking University， Beijing 100079， China）

Abstract： The ROTC program of the U.S. Army is the most successful program of military civilian integration training reserve officers in the world. In the current Chinese research， ROTC project is regarded as a whole， and its internal military differences have not been paid much attention. However， the proportion of ROTC officers in the U.S. Marine Corps is far lower than that of the other three services， and the reasons for this are worth exploring. Compared with the ROTC programs of various services， the internal structure of the integration of officers and soldiers leads to the relatively high level of the first entry army of the Marine Corps ROTC graduates， and the gap between the ability and quality and the post demand is large， which makes the proportion of officers trained by ROTC in the Marine Corps very low. We are committed to exploring the restrictive factors of training reserve officers relying on local universities， promoting the research on the training system of US military officers in China， and providing valuable reference for the training of military civilian talents in our army.

Key words： historical tradition; the structure of officers and soldiers; ROTC; military services

一、美國海軍陸戰隊ROTC軍官比例最低

美軍是目前世界上最強大的軍隊。美軍的強大不僅來自先進的裝備，也與其發達的軍官培養體系密不可分。美軍的軍官教育體系分為現役軍官教育和后備軍官教育兩大類。在職軍官教育面向現役軍官，以幫助其提升學歷，提高履職能力。后備軍官教育主要擔負為軍隊輸送新任軍官的職能。發達的后備軍官教育體系每年為美軍源源不斷輸送高素質人才，配合美軍現代化裝備，支撐美軍強大戰斗力，維持美國的全球霸權。

無論是新任軍官占比，還是全部軍官占比，后備軍官訓練團（Reserve Officers Training Corps， ROTC）項目都是美軍最主要的軍官來源，凸顯其重要性。美軍的新任軍官來源包括聯邦軍事學院、ROTC項目、候補軍官學校（Officer Candidate School， OCS）或軍官訓練學校（Officer Training School， OTS）、直接任命軍官和戰場委任這五類。……