獨龍族文面 The Facial Tattoo of Derung Women

由于獨龍族文面可考的文字記載只有女性，如今可見的文面也僅有女性，通常人們稱獨龍女人為“文面女”。女人文面是獨龍族人的傳統習俗，過去，女人一般十二三歲進入成年期，都要由具備一定文刺經驗的婦女文面師對其進行文面。文面師讓文面的女孩先洗凈臉，然后仰面躺下，用竹簽在女孩臉上畫上傳統圖案，圖畫好后，用三四根木刺捆在一起按照圖樣一點點行刺，刺得滿臉是血，擦盡血水，再用鍋煙灰和一種深色草汁反復在臉上揉搓，或是用煙鍋灰和深色料珠研末混合成的油膏反復在臉上揉搓，使顏色滲入皮膚，文完需要一天時間。一周以后，臉上傷疤退光復原，就呈現青黑色的花紋。這樣，女孩一生最重要的關口就算過了。

Women of Derung are usually called “women of facial tattoo” because all the dependable written records on facial tattoo of Derung are about Derung women and the existing facial tattoos of Derung only can be seen on women. Facial tattoo on women is a tradition in Derung ethnic group. In the past， all the Derung girls must be tattooed on face by an experienced female tattooist when they got into adolescence at age 12 or 13. The tattooist would ask the girl to wash her face and lie on her back. Then the tattooist would draw up a conventional design with bamboo stick on the girls face， after which the design would be needled with three or four wooden prods bound together. Cleaning up the blood on face， the tattooist would use the ash from the bottom of cooking pot together with a type of dark-green grass juice or use a mixed ointment made of the ash from the pot bottom and the powder ground from a dark-color pigment ball to paint and rub the skin of face， making the color seep into skin. It would take a whole day. A week later， the wound recovered， and the indigo tattoo pattern was presented on face， which indicated the girl had gone through the? most essential ordeal in her life.

文面圖案南北地區有所區別，在獨龍江中上游的北部地區盛行大文面，也叫滿文，在前頸、雙頰、鼻子及下顎刺上菱形圖案及線條組成各種圖案的花紋，婦女們都以文面為美。而獨龍江下游的南部地區只文嘴唇下的一圈或者只在上唇及下顎文一小塊，像男子下垂的胡須，稱小文面。文面圖案也因家庭不同而各異，是區別氏族或家庭的一種標志特征。

There is a difference between the tattoo patterns in the north and that in the south. The broad facial tattoo， also called full tattoo， prevailed in the northern area of the upper and middle Dulong River. Women who got full tattoo had their fore-necks， cheeks， noses and chins tattooed with rhombus pattern and other patterns of lines. They all regarded facial tattoo as beauty. The Derung women in the southern area of lower Dulong River， however， just had a tattoo on the skin below the lip or a little tattoo on the upper lip and the chin， like the beard of men， which is called the little facial tattoo. The details of tattoo patterns are different from family to family， so facial tattoo is a distinctive mark to tell different clans or families.

獨龍女神秘的抽象文面圖案，在各處都大同小異，總體上像蝴蝶或蝴蝶的翅膀。圖案構圖具有一定規則，采用點、線、菱形和波浪線元素結合構成。鼻梁和下顎是菱形圖案，像蝴蝶的身體和尾巴，前額眉邊的點線像蝴蝶的觸須，雙頸的圖案像蝴蝶的翅膀，很多文面整體看像展翅欲飛的蝴蝶。他們認為，世間有生命無生命的東西都有靈魂 ，一個是生魄“卜拉” ，一個是亡魂“阿細”。“阿細”是人和動物死后出現的第二個靈魂，漂亮的花蝴蝶就是婦女們的“阿細”變成的，紅、藍、白色的蝴蝶是男人們的“阿細”變的。蝴蝶死了，人們的靈魂也就永遠不存在了。所以，在獨龍江地區，是不能亂捕殺蝴蝶的。

The complicated facial tattoo patterns of Derung women in different areas of Dulong River are almost in the same shape of butterfly or the wings of butterfly. The composition of the tattoo pattern follows a certain rule： combining the elements of dot， line， rhombus and wavy line. The overall look of most facial tattoos is like butterfly being about to fly： the rhombuses on the bridge of nose and on the chin look like the body and the tail of butterfly， the dots and lines on the forehead and on the side of eyebrow are like antennas of butterfly， and the patterns on both sides of the neck are as wings of butterfly. The Derung people believe whether it is animate or inanimate everything in the world has soul， which falls into “Bula”， soul of life and “Axi”， soul of death. “Axi” is the second soul after the death of human and animal. The “Axi” of women turn into beautiful butterflies of multicolor， and the “Axi” of men turn into red， blue， and white butterflies of pure color. After the butterflies die， the souls of people would never exist. Therefore， there is a custom of not catching or killing butterflies in the area of Dulong River.

當初文面的動機有很多：有說婦女文面是美的象征，不文面的姑娘是嫁不出去的;有說是作為區別各個氏族或家族部落的標志;更有說是防止北方察瓦龍藏族土司搶逼獨龍女，多數的人類學家實地考察后更偏重于此說法。根據文面現象的地理分布也能證實這點：靠近西藏地區的獨龍族文面婦女較多，但到了下游靠近緬甸一帶，獨龍族婦女文面的就變得稀少了。

Several explanations for motivations of facial tattoo in the past exist. Some say facial tattoo was a symbol of beauty， so no one was willing to marry the girls without facial tattoo， and others assume facial tattoo was a mark to tell different families， clans and tribes， but through some field investigation most anthropologist agree it was to prevent the Derung girls from being robbed by the Tibetan headmen of Chawalong located on the north of Dulong area， which can be proved by the geographical distribution of facial tattoo phenomenon. The number of tattooed women in the area close to Tibet is large， but a few of Derung women who lived in the down-river area close to Burma had facial tattoo.

譯者：孟容靜，昆明理工大學津橋學院，講師，漢族，女，1991年7月生.

基金項目：

1.本文漢語原文摘錄自云南省獨龍江鄉風景區內的公示牌簡介，英語譯文系譯者原創翻譯。

2.項目基金：本文系云南省教育廳科學研究基金項目資助的項目“云南自貿試驗區戰略背景下少數民族地區旅游文化外宣翻譯研究”（項目編號2020J1219）的部分研究成果。