基于“空間規劃”的適應性再利用：荷蘭蒂爾堡的“機車棚” 圖書館

阿爾伯托·博洛尼亞/Alberto Bologna

記憶與再生

欄目主持：阿爾伯托·博洛尼亞，米凱利·博尼諾，皮埃爾–阿蘭·克羅塞特

Memory and Regeneration

Column Editors: Alberto Bologna, Michele Bonino, Pierre-Alain Croset

新的“機車棚”文化中心位于荷蘭蒂爾堡工業城的中心位置，毗鄰最近剛經過現代化改造的主火車站。建在半空的鐵軌從東到西將城市切成了兩半，像一個不自然的人工地標一樣融入城市形態，在南北之間形成了真正的物理分界。火車站南邊的地區密集分布著三、四層的樓房，北邊的地區正在進行大規模改造，各種類型的建筑分布在更廣闊的城市空間中，一條供行人和自行車通行的地下通道系統將它們連接起來。

在車站旁邊，鐵軌之外，有一個剛剛翻新的大型開放區域為其提供服務，容納有公共空間以及自行車和汽車的大型停車區。該地塊主要是前荷蘭鐵路維修公司的車棚，建于1932 年，用于組裝、維修和儲存機車，現已被改造成一個新的圖書館和公共聚會場所，用于舉辦活動和展覽。它于2019 年1 月落成，由于在世界建筑節上獲得了著名的“2019 年度世界建筑獎”，而吸引了全世界媒體的高度關注。

由蒂爾堡市政府推動的該建筑的適應性再利用項目是各個建筑工作室之間有效合作的結果，每個工作室都對方案的復雜性和需要解決的設計問題都貢獻了自己的具體專長。專門從事公共建筑的思維可建筑事務所承擔了首席建筑師和總體協調的角色；以工業遺產項目而聞名荷蘭的布拉克斯馬及魯斯建筑事務所負責整個項目的現有建筑的改造和修復。內外/佩特拉·布萊斯事務所是室內和景觀設計方面的專家，并在裝置方面有豐富的經驗，他們負責室內的整體設計以及由獨特的懸掛式織物隔斷所限定的空間布置；梅卡努建筑事務所負責圖書館、各種車間空間、咖啡店和辦公室的陳設；最后，奧雅納公司提供了有關能源可持續性、材料再利用和聲學設計等方面的技術和工程建議。

混合的功能將舊鐵道工棚變成了一個供人們聚集的真正的城市空間。事實上，它戰略性的選址——靠近車站且位于低密度地區，使它成為一個高識別度的社區中心，其任務是彌合架空鐵路線造成的城市結構的物理分割。

為實現這一目標，設計師們采用了哪些設計工具？主要的設計主題是分散的，因此，一個占地約5400m2（90m×60m）、高15m、分為兩個中庭的大

1 鳥瞰/Aerial View（攝影/Photo: Civic Architects）

2 舊的（圖中紅色）與新的（圖中藍色）承重結構/The old (in red) and new (in blue) load-bearing structure of the building

3 新樓板系統/The new system of floors

4 懸掛式移動織物屏風系統/The system of suspended, mobile textile screens（2-4 繪制/Drawings: Civic Architects）

The new LocHal cultural centre is located centrally in the industrial town of Tilburg in the Netherlands, close to its main railway station, which has recently been modernised. The railway track, which runs from east to west axis, cuts the town right in half. Built overhead, it fits into the urban morphology like an unnatural, artificial landmark, creating a real physical division between north and south. A system of pedestrian and bicycle underpasses connects the area around the railway station to the south, densely characterised by threefour-storey buildings, with the area to the north, which is undergoing extensive transformation and where buildings of various types are distributed in a more widespread urban space.

Next to the station and serving it, but positioned beyond the tracks, there is now a large open area which has been recently renovated and houses public spaces and large parking areas for bicycles and cars. The site is dominated by the former Nedtrain shed which was built in 1932 for the assembly, repair and storage of locomotives and has been converted into a new library and public meeting place, designed to host events and exhibitions. It was inaugurated in January 2019 and has attracted considerable media attention from all over the world, thanks to the prestigious World Building of the Year 2019 award received at the World Architecture Festival.

The project promoted by the Municipality of Tilburg for the adaptive reuse of the building is the result of effective collaboration between various architectural studios, each contributing its own specific expertise to the complexity of the programme and the design issues to be addressed. A studio specialising in public architecture, Civic Architects, took on the role of lead architect and general coordination; Braaksma & Roos Architectenbureau, already known in the Netherlands for other industrial heritage project, was responsible for the overall project to transform and restore the existing parts of the building; Inside Outside/Petra Blaisse, experts in interior and landscape design with extensive experience in installations, managed the overall design of the interiors as well as the spatial configuration generated by the characteristic hanging textile partitions; Mecanoo is responsible for the furnishings of the library, the various workshopspaces, the coffee shop and the offices; lastly, Arup provided technical and engineering advice on aspects relating to energy sustainability, the reuse of materials and acoustic design.

5 內景：朝南的中庭，木質平臺安裝在原有鐵軌留下的痕跡上/Interior view: south-facing atrium, wooden platform mounted on a railway trolley（攝影/Photo: Ossip Architectuurfotografie）

6 圖書館內景/Interior view of the library（攝影/Photo: Stijn Bollaert）

The functional mix transforms the old railway shed into a real urban space where people can gather. The fact that it is strategically located close to the station and in a low-density area makes it an easily recognisable place central to the neighbourhood, with the task of overcoming the physical division of the urban fabric caused by the overhead railway line.

What design tools have been put in place to achieve this aim? The main design theme is the distributive and, consequently, spatial resolution of a variegated series of functions to be housed inside a large existing volume of about 5400 square metres (90 m × 60 m), 15 metres high which is divided into two naves.

The effectiveness of the project can be summed up, according to the authors, in three actions: the exaltation and pragmatic reuse of the existing load-bearing structure, the "parasitic" inclusion of new volumes inside it, creating separate spaces for different uses and, above all, on different levels, so that they are visually and spatially connected and, lastly, a refined flexibility of the environments obtained thanks to the precise insertion of mobile textile partitions that can be used to create different planimetric and spatial configurations, if necessary.

The spatial quality of the new project is based on the recognition of the aesthetic potential of the existing structural system: a large steel frame consisting basically of three series of vertical trusses –two along the long sides of the building and one in the middle of the floor plan – which originally supported not only the lattice girders of the roof trusses but also very strong beams for cranes and gantries capable of lifting entire locomotives. Olivier Graeven, architect at Braaksma & Roos Architectenbureau reveals how: "research, historical research and technical research, showed that the structure of the hall was good and could last many more years" and, consequently, "we wanted the skeleton of the building to be the starting point for the spatial experience". The original structures therefore act as support both for the hanging vegetation placed on the beams of the gantries and for new structural elements serving the fixed furnishings and new floors that define the environments created to house the building's internal functions.

This structural configuration permits an adaptive reuse project capable of preserving the majesty of the shed's original space thanks to the decision not to use any fixed vertical partitions, but to distinguish and circumscribe the different areas intended for the functions planned by interpreting, adapting and amplifying the Loosian paradigm of theRaumplan, or "the spatial plan". This is a founding theoretical principle of twentiethcentury culture and design practice, based on the ideal interlocking and spatial interaction of environments of different sizes and with different functions, obtained using floors placed at different heights. This principle is used instrumentally at 體積內，將容納一系列不同的功能，從而解決空間問題。

7 圖書館內景/Interior view of the library

8 內景：“相聚而坐”區域/Interior view: the Seats2Meet area

在筆者看來，項目的效果可以歸納為3 個方面：以務實的方式在其內部 “寄生”新的體量，實現了對現有承重結構的增強型再利用；其次，為不同的用途，尤其是在不同的樓層上，創造了獨立的空間，使得它們可以在視覺和空間上相互連接；最后，由于精確地插入了可移動的織物隔斷，在必要時可用于創造不同的平面和空間配置，從而使環境更加靈活。

新項目的空間質量建立在對現有結構系統的美學潛力的認可之上：一個大型鋼架基本上由兩個系列的垂直桁架組成——兩個沿著建筑的長邊，一個在中間——它最初不僅支撐著屋頂桁架的結構梁，而且還支撐著那些非常堅固的、用于起重機和能夠提起整個機車的龍門架的梁。布拉克斯馬及魯斯建筑事務所的建筑師奧利維爾·格雷文透露了其中的方法：“歷史研究和技術研究表明，大廳的結構是好的，可以使用很多年”，所以，“我們希望建筑的骨架成為空間體驗的起點”。因此，原有的結構既支撐了龍門架梁上懸掛的植物，也支撐了服務于固定家具和新樓板的新結構元素——這些新的結構元素定義了為容納建筑內部功能而創造的環境。

為了使這個適應性再利用項目能夠保留工棚原有空間的雄偉，設計團隊決定不使用任何固定的垂直隔斷，而是通過詮釋、調整和放大盧斯的“Raumplan”范式，或稱為“空間規劃”范式，來區分和界定不同的區域。該范式是20 世紀文化和設計實踐的一個基本理論原則，其基礎是不同大小和不同功能的環境之間理想的連結和空間互動，通過在不同高度上布置樓層得以實現。這個原則在“機車棚”項目中得到了有效的運用，以達到一個明確的、實用的設計意圖：將圖書館設想成一個公共場所，一個多功能的、合用的、便利的、可滲透的建筑物。這不是全部：由于藝術組織、工作室和協同工作空間的存在，這里不僅是一個“消費”知識的地方，也是一個“生產”知識的地方。

空間和功能的組合以及它們在不同樓層的位置，并沒有為建筑內部確定一條優先的路線，盡管其意圖顯然是優先考慮沿著從面向火車站和軌道的入口開始的南北軸線步行的可能性。朝南的中庭充滿從玻璃幕墻中透出的自然光，看起來就像室內的城市廣場，里面有一個小賣部和一個多功能區域，可以很容易地適應從社交場所到展覽或娛樂區的各種用途。原有鐵軌留下的痕跡上安裝有一個大型的木質平臺，它嵌在工棚的地板上，可以根據需要用作桌子或舞臺。廣場的表面折疊成大型臺階——即“相聚而坐”區域，可容納1000名觀眾參加公共活動。高效的樓層系統由階梯和樓梯連接，在不同樓層上容納了圖書館的各種功能：包括擺放供閱讀或者購買的書籍的書架區，大型閱讀區，供小型活動或休閑娛樂活動的房間等。連接不同樓層的樓梯系統總是清晰可見，并強調樓層的存在。這些不同的樓層使得持續的空間和視覺滲透性成為可能，并容納各種功能，使圖書館成為一個始終充滿活力和活躍的地方。除了各種會議和公共活動的區域，還有一系列的實驗室，人們可以在這里享受新的體驗：每個實驗室的特點不同，因此在建筑的復雜空間系統中都是獨一無二的、可識別的，比如有食品實驗室、世界實驗室、數字實驗室和遺產實驗室。頂層有一個大型的全景陽臺，可以將城市的全貌盡收眼底。

9 內景：朝南的中庭/Interior view: south-facing atrium（7-9 攝影/Photos: Ossip Architectuurfotografie）

在某些情況下，需要將“空間規劃”所產生的巨大空間，包括樓層、臺階和樓梯的序列，縮小為較小的空間，這就需要總面積為4125m2的6 個懸掛式移動織物屏風來滿足。這些隔斷對整個建筑的聲學舒適度做出了巨大貢獻。例如，它們可以移動到“相聚而坐”區域，將其與圖書館的上層隔開，從而形成一個小型的半私人禮堂。最大的屏風寬50m、高15m，位于南入口大廳。在展覽、音樂會或會議期間，它們可以用來隱藏咖啡亭，當它們被安置在建筑南面的窗戶前時，這些屏風可以塑造和漫射室內廣場高大的玻璃幕墻上的光線。當陽光照射到窗簾的半透明表面時，它們會變成真實的光瀑，從而提高室內的亮度和空間質量。

10 內景：“相聚而坐”區域/Interior view of the Seats2Meet area（攝影/Photo: Stijn Bollaert）

通過重新定義公共圖書館的概念，并將其轉變為一個聚會的場所、一個有頂的城市通道、一個工作、休閑和學習的場所，對前荷蘭鐵路維修公司工棚的適應性再利用重新定義了蒂爾堡車站的平庸區域，使其成為新的文化中心。即將建成的“思想實驗室”，位于與“機車棚”相鄰的另一座建筑中的新聞學校，將使這一中心得到進一步的加強。the LocHal for the distributive resolution of a clear, pragmatic design intention: to conceive a library as a public place, and as an extremely versatile, usable, accessible and permeable building. And that is not all: a place where knowledge is not only "consumed" but also "produced" thanks to the presence of artistic organisations, workshops and coworking spaces.

The combination of spaces and functions, and their location on different floors, does not identify a preferential route inside the building, although it is clear that the intention is to prioritise the possibility of walking along the south-north axis, starting from the entrance facing the railway station and the tracks. The south-facing atrium, flooded with natural light from the glass fa?ade, looks like an indoor town square and houses a kiosk and an area that can be easily adapted to various uses: from a place for socialising to an exhibition or entertainment area. There is a large wooden platform mounted on a railway trolley positioned on the traces left by the original tracks – embedded in the floor of the shed – which can be used as a table or stage, as required. The surface of the square folds into large steps – the Seats2Meet area – which can accommodate up to a thousand spectators for public events. Steps and flights of stairs connect the effective system of floors which house the various functions of the library on different levels: from the spaces occupied by the shelves with books for reference or to buy, to the large reading areas and rooms intended for small events or leisure and recreational activities. The different levels, which are connected by a system of stairs that are always clearly visible and emphasise the presence of these levels allow constant spatial and visual permeability and host the various functions that make the library a place that is always alive and active. In addition to various areas for conferences and public events, there are a series of labs where visitors can enjoy new experiences: each one has different characteristics, making them all unique and recognisable within the complex spatial system of the building. Examples are the Food Lab, the World Lab, the DigiLab and the Heritage Lab. The top floor houses a large panoramic balcony offering a complete view of the city.

The need to reduce the vast spaces generated by theRaumplan, represented by the sequence of floors, steps and flights of stairs, to smaller spaces on certain occasions is met by a system of six suspended, mobile textile screens, with a total surface area of 4125 square metres. These partitions make a substantial contribution to the acoustic comfort of the building as a whole. They can, for example, be moved to separate the Seats2Meet area from the upper floors of the library, thereby creating a small semi-private auditorium. The largest screens, which are 50 metres wide by 15 metres high, are positioned at the southern entrance hall. They can be used to hide the coffee kiosk during exhibitions, concerts or conferences and, when positioned in front of the windows on the building's southern fa?ade, these screens mould and diffuse the light that floods the tall glass fa?ades in the interior plaza. When the sun hits the translucent surfaces of the curtains, they turn into real cascades of light that contribute to the brightness and the resulting spatial quality of the interiors.

With the redefinition of the concept of the public library and its transformation into a meeting place, a covered urban passage, a place for work, leisure and study, the adaptive reuse of the former Nedtrain shed redefines the anonymous area of Tilburg station, making it a new cultural hub, which will be further enhanced by the forthcoming completion of MindLab, the school of journalism located in another adjacent building communicating with LocHal.

11 內景：從“相聚而坐”區域看向圖書館/Interior view: the library seen from the Seats2Meet area（攝影/Photo: Stijn Bollaert）