集租房社區(qū)中的幼兒生活聚落：竇店幼兒園，北京，中國

建筑設(shè)計(jì)：唐康碩，張淼/MAT超級建筑設(shè)計(jì)事務(wù)所

自2017年8月，國土部、住建部聯(lián)合印發(fā)《利用集體建設(shè)用地建設(shè)租賃住房試點(diǎn)方案》以來[1]，我國北京、上海等18個(gè)城市相繼開展了利用集體建設(shè)用地規(guī)劃建設(shè)租賃式住房的試點(diǎn)工作。截至2020年，北京已有39個(gè)集體土地租賃住房（以下簡稱“集租房”）項(xiàng)目相繼開工[2]。

集租房項(xiàng)目提供小戶型的青年公寓產(chǎn)品給年輕家庭客群。本項(xiàng)目即是北京市房山區(qū)竇店鎮(zhèn)竇店村集租房試點(diǎn)，為居住配套的幼兒園建筑。作為這樣背景下的教育建筑，建筑師的設(shè)計(jì)思考從集租房所蘊(yùn)含的社會性概念開始。

幼兒園是孩童的第一個(gè)學(xué)校，孩子們在學(xué)校中開始建立獨(dú)立的社會化認(rèn)知。荷蘭建筑師赫曼·赫茲伯格在關(guān)于教育建筑的論述中，主張將使用者與空間之間的關(guān)系，看作是個(gè)體與社區(qū)之間關(guān)系的類比[3]。以空間為載體，幼兒園不僅要滿足個(gè)體的教育需求，同時(shí)要讓孩子們獲得豐富的生活體驗(yàn)。因此幼兒教育空間的設(shè)計(jì)操作，需要尋找恰當(dāng)?shù)目臻g尺度作為工作界面，為兒童使用者帶來空間探索的可能性。

單元與聚落

我國幼兒園建筑規(guī)范嚴(yán)格，且建筑用地往往有限，一般從功能性需求出發(fā)、用走廊串聯(lián)房間的布局方式，有利于實(shí)現(xiàn)最佳的日照條件和熱工性能。在本項(xiàng)目中，建筑師思考的是如何通過創(chuàng)造一種布局邏輯，實(shí)現(xiàn)功能性的同時(shí)能帶來更多的空間創(chuàng)新，甚至能進(jìn)行一些幼兒園建筑類型學(xué)的嘗試。于是，建筑師選擇以最小的幼兒園教室單元進(jìn)行功能群組化處理，形成單元的聚落。

基于集租房的環(huán)境背景，建筑師在一個(gè)由高層住宅環(huán)繞的場地中營造出一個(gè)有聚落集合氛圍的幼兒生活空間，建筑外在的強(qiáng)烈可識別性也有利于烘托出大尺度居住區(qū)域的集體精神屬性。幼兒生活空間被拆解成“教室”和“寢室”這兩個(gè)等大的基本單元，因此可以產(chǎn)生足夠多的基本單元來形成聚落的圍合。“教室”和“寢室”這兩個(gè)基本單元分別采用白色和綠色進(jìn)行定義，從而無論是在聚落空間的外部還是內(nèi)部都可以清晰感受到聚落和單元的概念。這個(gè)小型的聚落中心的公共庭院，作為幼兒園的通高中庭空間，承載入園、集體活動、兒童展示等等一系列集中功能；聚落還形成了一個(gè)半圍合的室外庭院，作為午間和課后兒童戶外活動的場所。一個(gè)個(gè)白色和綠色的單元互相倚靠、組合，形成了幼兒園最顯著的外立面形態(tài)特征。

個(gè)體與群體

教育是在一定的社會背景下發(fā)生的促使個(gè)體社會化和社會個(gè)性化的實(shí)踐活動。個(gè)體與集體之間不是簡單的從屬關(guān)系，而是互相成就與作用的結(jié)果。當(dāng)個(gè)體單元組合為聚落后，建筑師認(rèn)為應(yīng)該從整體角度選擇一個(gè)要素對群體進(jìn)行干預(yù)。于是一個(gè)連續(xù)的翻折屋頂，形成了對整個(gè)聚落的形體統(tǒng)籌。

連續(xù)屋頂?shù)妮S線方向較下層的建筑主體框架水平旋轉(zhuǎn)了45°，與自由靈動的聚落空間發(fā)生碰撞，從而帶來豐富的外立面變化和獨(dú)特的建筑內(nèi)部空間。每一個(gè)單元被連續(xù)折屋頂剪切，自然形成正坡或者反坡的屋檐形式，給幼兒園建筑增加了外觀的趣味性；在建筑內(nèi)部，無論是通高空間的中庭和繪本區(qū)，還是大空間的多功能廳和教室，都因?yàn)檫B續(xù)翻折屋面而產(chǎn)生了獨(dú)特的室內(nèi)空間氛圍，通高空間中大量采用的天窗元素也給聚落的中心帶來了明亮的光線。

建筑的首層采用了幕墻體系。建筑師希望能夠通過一個(gè)半透明的界面、一個(gè)虛實(shí)關(guān)系的對比，從而使這個(gè)聚落離開大地、漂浮在空中，盡可能從空間和視覺上將建筑外部場地留給兒童活動和景觀；通過“聚落”的設(shè)計(jì)概念給竇店的集體租賃居住區(qū)提供一個(gè)活潑有趣的公共教育建筑。

項(xiàng)目信息/Credits and Data

地點(diǎn)/Location: 中國北京市房山區(qū)/Fangshan District,Beijing, China

客戶/Client: 首創(chuàng)新城鎮(zhèn)建設(shè)投資有限公司/Capital Urbanization Investment Co., Ltd.

主持建筑師/Lead Architects: 唐康碩，張淼/TANG Kangshuo, ZHANG Miao

方案設(shè)計(jì)/Scheme Design: 唐康碩，張淼，王飛宇，吳明雨/TANG Kangshuo, ZHANG Miao, WANG Feiyu, WU Mingyu

施工圖設(shè)計(jì)/Construction Design: 中國建筑設(shè)計(jì)研究院有限公司/China Architecture Design & Research Group

建筑面積/Built Area: 2400 m2

設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)間/Design Period: 2018.11-2019.07

施工時(shí)間/Construction Period: 2020.05-2021.07

1 聚落分析圖/Cluster diagram

2 軸測圖/Axonometric

3 首層平面/Ground fioor plan

4 二層平面/First fioor plan

5 三層平面/Second fioor plan

6 模型/Models

7 模型/Models

Since August 2017, the Ministry of Land and Resources and the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development issued the "Pilot Plan for Using Collectively-owned Land to Build Rental Housing"[1],There are 18 cities including Beijing and Shanghai that have launched rental housing projects based on collectively owned land in China. As of 2020, 39 collectively owned land projects for rental housing construction (hereinafter referred to as "collective rental housing") have started in Beijing[2].

Collective rental housing projects provide smallsized youth apartments to young families. This project is a kindergarten for the future residents of Doudian rental housing community, It is also acted as one of the pilot projects in Fangshan District,western Beijing. Under this speci fic background, the design of an educational building naturally deviates from the social concept related to the collective rental housing.

Kindergarten is the first school in a child's life, and children start their socialised cognition independently according to this process. Dutch architect Herman Hertzberger regards the relationship between the users and space as an analogy of the relationship between individuals and community[3]. Considering space as a carrier for children, architectural design should not only follow the educational reqirements, but also provide abundant living experience for children. Therefore,the kindergarten design needs to find an appropriate way so as to bring the possibility of spatial and social exploration to children users.

Units and Cluster

In China, architectural design of the kindergarten usually following by strict design codes and very limited landuse. The general layout of kindergarten is to connect classrooms with corridors, which could help to obtain the best sunlight conditions and thermal performance.In this project, the initial atchitectural concept is how to create a floorplan logic, how to manage the function and spatial innovation, as well as the improvements of building typology. Therefore,architects choose the smallest classroom as a basic unit in order to manipulate the functional cluster.

Under the circumstance of collective rental housing, architects hope to create a living space with gathering atmosphere for children. The recognisable exterior also helps to highlight the collective spirit of large-scale residential areas. Children's living space was divided into two equal-sized units, which stand for "classroom" and "dormitory", in order to generate more units which could be used to form an enclosed cluster. "Classroom" and "dormitory"units are coloured with white and green; thus, the concept of cluster and units can be clearly illustrated both from outside and inside. These white and green units bonded with each other form a prominent morphological features of the building fa?ade. This small gathering has a central public courtyard, which serves as a high atrium space for kindergarten as well as a series of concentrated functions such as entrance, exhibition, etc. Besides, the gathering has also formed a semi-enclosed outdoor courtyard,which serves as a place for children's outdoor activities at noon and after class.

The Individuals and the Collective

Education is the practical activity that promotes the socialisation of individuals and the individualisation of society under certain backgrounds. The individual and the collective buildings are not simply subordinate, but the result of mutual achievement and interaction. When the individual units are assembled together, architects believe certain elements of the space must be selected to intervene in the collective space. As a result, a continuous flapped roof was designed to interfere with cluster volume, and finally form the overall shape the building.

The axis of the continuous top was rotated horizontally by 45 degrees from the lower level. This collision between the flapping roof and dynamic cluster space creates unique fa?ade variation and interior space of the building. Each unit is cut by this continuous roof, which naturally creates sloping eaves, which enriches visual interest to the configuration of the kindergarten. Inside the building, the roof has also generated unique space and atmosphere for the atrium and drawing area,as well as the multi-function hall and classrooms due to the continuous folding of it. Additionally, the skylights on the roof bring the natural light into the cluster.

For the ground level, architects adopted the curtain wall system to lift the cluster from earth and make it float in the air through a translucent surface, showing the contrast between solids and voids, in order to physically and virtually leave the outer space for landscape for children. Due to the concept of "cluster", the kindergarten provides the collective rental housing community in Doudian an active and attractive public educational building.

8 兒童繪本區(qū)/Children's picture book area

9 兒童活動室/Children's playroom

10 多功能舞蹈室/Multi-functional dance studio