鄉(xiāng)村在地的有機(jī)更新：藝術(shù)家村落，云南，中國(guó)

建筑設(shè)計(jì)：張海翱/上海交通大學(xué)

有機(jī)創(chuàng)生的鄉(xiāng)村實(shí)踐

依據(jù)多元、自由、共生、野性的彌勒文化與當(dāng)?shù)芈糜巍⑸鷳B(tài)的發(fā)展需求，打造吸引游客的地標(biāo)性地區(qū)風(fēng)貌建筑。彌勒延續(xù)著千百年手工藝品制作和手工技藝傳承的古老方式，頑強(qiáng)地保留著云南獨(dú)有的地域性特征，“活化石”般地展示了一部手工藝的萌芽發(fā)展史。至今，很多各民族的傳統(tǒng)手工藝師傅，孤獨(dú)而榮耀地支撐著那曾經(jīng)輝煌燦爛的歷史。在當(dāng)?shù)兀@份工匠精神由“切石術(shù)”作出詮釋。工匠依據(jù)其技術(shù)提供充滿張力的構(gòu)件供建筑師使用。羅賓·埃文斯超越風(fēng)格的論述中指出“切石術(shù)”引發(fā)的建筑藝術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)型，他依據(jù)放線圖建造，圖紙上線條組成的幾何矩陣明確石頭表面的實(shí)體屬性。將手工業(yè)與建筑充分結(jié)合。由此，結(jié)合當(dāng)?shù)厥止ぁ⒈就敛牧吓c工匠精神，引入到本項(xiàng)目的建筑靈魂中，力圖展現(xiàn)原生性、在地性和建構(gòu)性。

在地更新的空間理念

設(shè)計(jì)理念來(lái)自“彩云之南，云上畫(huà)廊”，反饋對(duì)自古以來(lái)彌勒印象的描畫(huà)，結(jié)合對(duì)地塊的認(rèn)知，多元民族共存、野性紅土繁衍、共生融合、自由伸展，使建筑融入自然。建筑流線中主要公共空間流線提高到上部，生活空間流線保留在底部，入口初見(jiàn)長(zhǎng)道夯土圍墻，上下層分開(kāi)，居戶自有二層空間不被外人打擾， 為參觀者設(shè)置的三層空中連廊貫穿建筑平臺(tái)，可以通過(guò)樓梯通往各位藝術(shù)者之家進(jìn)行拜訪。使用者在同一建筑中有不同的感知，共同生活并欣賞“彩云之南，云上畫(huà)廊”的云南風(fēng)光。

結(jié)合實(shí)際的落地方案

項(xiàng)目地塊編號(hào)為 36 號(hào)地塊，占地約667m2，位于紅河“東風(fēng)韻”小鎮(zhèn)核心區(qū)，地塊周邊均有桉樹(shù)林。主干道進(jìn)入地塊的支路原則上不超過(guò) 4 m。本項(xiàng)目定位為藝術(shù)家工作室，戶數(shù)不少于 3 戶，且相對(duì)獨(dú)立。

在體塊建立上，對(duì)地塊進(jìn)行5戶分割、公共共享與外圍擴(kuò)展的“切地”，再進(jìn)行交錯(cuò)壘塔，依據(jù)山勢(shì)、耦合地形的鑿地操作；針對(duì)可視景觀最大化進(jìn)行框景，以柔景為目的進(jìn)行建筑體塊的圓滑化，最終打造了建構(gòu)統(tǒng)一的剪立墻體半圓窗型建筑體塊。依據(jù)互聯(lián)互惠原則，打通二層建筑間連廊。

在材質(zhì)選擇上，采用蘆葦、紅夯土、混凝土、竹子、紅磚、玻璃磚、木質(zhì)、火山巖進(jìn)行建造，力圖融入在地元素。(撰文：張海翱，Ramsha Nazir Malik)

項(xiàng)目信息/Credits and Data

地點(diǎn)/Location: 中國(guó)云南省彌勒市紅河“東風(fēng)韻”小鎮(zhèn)/"Oriental Charm" town of Honghe, Maitreya City, Yunan Province, China

項(xiàng)目主創(chuàng)/Leading Architect: 張海翱/ZHANG Haiao

設(shè)計(jì)總監(jiān)/Design Directors: 徐航，李迪/XU Hang, LI Di

建筑師/Architects: 王竟闖，潘文琪，李然，堯裕佳，渠基建，梁棟楠/WANG Jingchuang, PAN Wenqi, LI Ran,YAO Yujia, QU Jijian, LIANG Dongnan

建筑面積/Building Area: 700 m2

設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)間/Design Time: 2019.11

擬竣工時(shí)間/Proposed Completion Time: 2022年初/Beginning of 2022

1 場(chǎng)地分析/Site analysis

2 柔景分析/Soften landscape

3 流線分析/Flow analysis

4 軸測(cè)圖/Axonometric

5 外景效果圖/Exterior views

6 外景效果圖/Exterior views

Organic Rural Practice

In response to the Maitreya city's development strategy for "cultural guidance and tourism to revitalise the city", the project tries to integrate Maitreya culture while meeting the development needs of local tourism and ecology. It aims to create a regional style landmark that attracts tourists as well.

Maitreya has a legacy of thousands of years in the handicraft skills. It tenaciously retains the unique regional characteristics of Yunnan where"living fossil" shows the history of develoment of the bud of the handicraft. In the local area, this craftsman's spirit is found in "stone cutting" as well.Based on craftsmanship, craftsmen give tensioned components to the architects for use. Robin Evans pointed out the transformation in architectural art caused by "stone-cutting" in his discussion as a technique of resulting in a unique kind of style.He experimented on the physical properties of the surface of stone through a geometric group composed of lines and built based on the results of these line drawings. This combined handicraft industry and construction perfectly. Therefore,with the essence of handcraft, local materials and artisan spirit as the architectural soul of this project;this piece of architecture is an original and local quintessence for the village.

Space Concept Based on Local Renewal

The design concept for this project comes from"Colourful Clouds in the South, Yunshang Gallery"which is a narration of old Maitreya's impression.It further combines with the cognition of land,coexistence of multiple ethnic groups, reproduction of wild red soil, nature surrounding and blending with the architecture. In the building's circulation,the main public space circulation is raised to the highest part, and the living space's circulation is kept at the bottom. A long rammed earth fence welcomes at the entrance, and the upper and lower fioors are separated. The residents have their own undistributed second floor space. The threestorey air corridor is set up for visitors and runs through the building's platform. Home of the artists could be visited through stairs. This makes the user experience of the Yunnan scenery of "south of colourful clouds, gallery on cloud" completely different.

7 外景效果圖/Exterior views

8 外景效果圖/Exterior views

9 外景效果圖/Exterior views

10.11 立面圖/Elevations

11 立面圖/Elevations

Practical Solution

Plot: The project plot no. 36, covering an area of 667 m2, is located in the core area of the "Oriental Charm" town of Honghe and is surrounded by eucalyptus forests. Property is commercial land, and the plot ratio is controlled within the range of 1.01-1.3. Building control elevation is 15 m; The branch road of the main road into the plot does not exceed 4 metres as a guiding rule. It is positioned as an artist studio with no less than 3 households and is relatively independent.

Block establishment: the plot is divided into five households, shared by the public and extended by the periphery "cut", and then the staggered tower is carried out, with the gouging operation carried out according to the mountain situation and coupled terrain to maximise the visual landscape, frame the view and smooth the building block for soft view.It results in creating a unified building block with clipped walls and semi-circular Windows. According to the principle of interconnection and reciprocity,corridors are connected between buildings on the first fioor.

Materials: Reed, red rammed earth, concrete,bamboo, red brick, glass brick, wood and volcanic rock are used for construction to integrate the architecture with elements of the site. (Text by ZHANG Haiao, Ramsha Nazir Malik)

12 剖面/Section

13 首層平面/Ground fioor plan

14 二層平面/First fioor plan

15 三層平面/Second fioor plan