伊帕熱·克力木江,古力巴哈·買買提力
[摘要]唇腭裂(Cleft lip and palate,CLP)患者高頻率地發生牙齒數目異常是正畸治療中的復雜因素之一,對于這類患者評估牙齒異常模式顯得尤為重要。本文對單側完全性唇腭裂(Unilateral cleft lip and palate,UCLP)患者恒牙的先天缺失發生率及性別、裂區與非裂區、上下頜差異做概述,為臨床醫生制定治療計劃提供幫助,有助于恢復及改善唇腭裂患者頜面部的功能與美觀。
[關鍵詞]唇腭裂;恒牙;錯牙合畸形;發育異常;先天缺失
[中圖分類號]R782.2+2? ?[文獻標志碼]A? ? [文章編號]1008-6455(2021)03-0175-03
Analysis of the Types of Permanent Teeth Congenital Missing in Patients with Unilateral Complete Cleft Lip and Palate
Yipare·KELIMUJIANG,Gulibaha·MAIMAITILI
(The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University,Urumqi 830028,Xinjiang,China)
Abstract: The high frequency of abnormal tooth number in cleft lip and palate (CLP) patients is one of the complex factors in orthodontic treatment,it is very important to evaluate the abnormal pattern of teeth for this kind of patients.In this paper, the incidence of congenital missing permanent teeth in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) and the differences between gender, cleft and non cleft areas, upper and lower jaw were summarized, which can help clinicians to make treatment plans, and help to restore and improve the function and beauty of maxillofacial in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate.
Key words:unilateral cleft lip and palate; permanent teeth; malocclusion; dental anomalies; hypodontia
唇腭裂是最常見的顱頜面畸形,它是由遺傳因素和環境因素共同作用所致的遺傳性疾病[1],也是人類先天畸形中最常見的一種,每出生的500~550個胎兒中就有1例唇腭裂患兒[2],一般分為綜合征性和非綜合征性,其中非綜合征性更為常見,約占唇腭裂的70%[3]。唇腭裂在全世界的發病率為1‰~3‰,我國的發病率為1.62‰[4]。唇腭裂常伴發口頜系統、語音及心理等方面的障礙,需進行系統的序列治療[5]。唇腭裂患者牙齒發育異常的發生破壞了牙列的完整性和對稱性,引起患兒的口頜系統功能與頜骨發育異常,形成了CLP患者復雜多樣的口內情況,增加了序列治療的復雜性和難度。先前學者研究唇腭裂患者牙齒發育異常將其概括為前牙區或全牙列區,而評估不同類型唇腭裂的牙齒異常模式也同樣重要。
1? UCLP先天缺牙的發生率
Akcam等[6]報道96.7%的裂隙患者至少有一個牙齒異常,其中牙齒先天缺失是最常見的發育異常類型。Paranaiba[7]提出UCLP比BCLP更容易發生牙齒異常(P=0.00002),與其他類型相比更易發生牙缺失(P=0.002),這與Aizenbud D、Stahl F的研究結果一致[8-9]。Jiroutova O[10]等學者研究得出唇腭裂患者與普通人群相比,前者先天性牙齒缺失的發生率明顯高于后者。國內吳華,續美如等[11-12]報道普通人群先天性牙齒缺失率為2.3%~11.3%,下頜第二前磨牙的缺失較常見[13],且單側牙齒缺失比雙側缺失更常見[14-15],而在嚴重的唇腭裂患者中雙側牙齒缺失的頻率是單側缺失的兩倍[16]。Cakan[17]得出PAX9、MSX1基因是唇腭裂患者牙齒缺失的相關基因,Slayton[18]提出TGFB3和MSX1基因與唇腭裂患者非裂側牙齒的缺失有關。牙齒先天缺失可能的原因有[19]:①牙板上皮細胞的缺失或增殖被抑制;②細胞間信號傳遞異常;③手術破壞牙胚;④牙齒發育和面突融合存在共同的調控基因。全牙列的牙齒缺失順序是上頜側切牙,上頜第二前磨牙,上頜中切牙,下頜第二前磨牙[20]。前磨牙的缺失順序為上頜第二前磨牙,下頜第二前磨牙,上頜第一前磨牙,下頜第一前磨牙[21]。多項研究表明世界各地不同地區的牙齒缺失與裂型之間的關系,發現不同地區的唇腭裂患者牙齒缺失患病率不同,說明地區差異值得重視。De Stefani A等[22]報道意大利人群中唇裂患者牙缺失率約占29.5%~77.0%,遠高于普通人的2.7%~11.3%。不同地區上頜側切牙缺失率占唇裂患者的比例不同[23-25]:日本報道56.9%,美國報道74.0%,匈牙利報道69.0%。阿依古麗· 吐爾地[26]等分析新疆80例唇腭裂患者得出UCLP裂側恒側切牙先天缺失的發生率為60.0%,高于正常側。
2? UCLP牙齒先天缺失的性別差異
普通人群中男女牙齒先天缺失的發生率無統計學差異,女性略高于男性[27]。Baek and Kim [28]研究韓國UCLP患者發現在裂側上頜側切牙的缺失男性大于女性,而在非裂隙側女性的上頜第二前磨牙缺失較男性頻繁。而另一些學者表明UCLP患者牙齒先天缺失并沒有性別差異[18,29-30]。
3? UCLP牙齒先天缺失裂區與非裂區的比較
牙齒缺失通常發生在恒牙期,且一般在裂區[6,9,31],UCLP患者在裂側發生牙齒先天缺失占48.8%~75.9%[32-33],在非裂側為27.2%~48.8%[34-35],這說明牙齒發育不全與裂隙之間可能有關聯,牙齒畸形的發生率由裂隙的類型和位置決定。缺牙與裂隙嚴重程度之間存在正相關關系,隨著裂隙嚴重程度增加,牙齒缺失的頻率增加[36-37]。曾有學者報道[25]UCLP患者牙齒缺失與裂側無關聯,而Derya[17]發現裂側不同側切牙的缺失也不同,右側裂UCLP組右側切牙缺失率高(P=0.0001),而左側裂UCLP組左側切牙缺失率高(P=0.002)。唇腭裂患者上頜側切牙的缺失在裂側較非裂側更頻繁,有回顧性研究報道[38-39],UCLP患者裂側和非裂側側切牙缺失率分別為48.8%~58.7%和2.2%~10.9%。在非裂側上下頜第二前磨牙的缺失最為常見[40-41]。Bartzela[31]發現并解釋了UCLP患者第二前磨牙的缺失左側多于右側,可能因為左側裂的UCLP患者很多[42-43],但這無法解釋下頜左側第二前磨牙的缺失較右側多。Ranta R[20]提出側切牙和第二前磨牙的先天缺失病因不太相同,牙齒形成階段的手術干預可能導致裂區側切牙缺失,而非裂區的第二前磨牙的缺失最有可能與遺傳因素或基因調控有關。Lekkas[44]研究未手術的唇腭裂成年患者在非裂側未發現牙齒缺失,這一結果表明牙齒缺失可能與腭裂閉合的手術過程有關,該手術可能會破壞非裂側第二前磨牙牙胚的形成。
4? UCLP牙齒先天缺失上下頜的比較
Shapira Y研究[45]得出有18%唇腭裂患者缺失第二前磨牙,遠高于普通的1.4%~1.6%(上頜)和2.9%~3.2%(下頜)[44,46]。由于裂側的上頜多伴有先天缺牙[20],這種嚴重的錯牙合畸形使裂側上下頜牙齒的咀嚼效能降低,從而影響頜骨的發育。上頜側切牙的缺失多發生在左側,而第二前磨牙的缺失常發生在右側[47]。下頜左側第二前磨牙的缺失率是右側的3倍[48],在UCLP患者中下頜第二前磨牙的缺失常呈現對稱性[39,49-50]。Hermus[50]發現上頜85%的患者缺失側切牙和/或第二前磨牙,下頜90%的患者缺失第二前磨牙或中切牙/側切牙,對稱的牙齒缺失占18.8%(上頜)和51.0%(下頜),還指出當唇腭裂患者有第三磨牙的缺失,其他牙齒的缺失頻率增加兩倍。
5? 小結
先天缺牙的個體往往存在牙間隙,需通過正畸牙齒移動或種植來關閉,正畸醫生應在治療早期考慮到正畸治療中的風險,診斷缺失牙和余留牙的數目與位置,制定綜合序列治療方案,恢復唇腭裂患者的口頜功能并改善其身心健康。
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[收稿日期]2020-04-10
本文引用格式:伊帕熱·克力木江,古力巴哈·買買提力.單側完全性唇腭裂患者恒牙先天缺失類型分析[J].中國美容醫學,2021,30(3):175-177.