林秋滿 邱萍 徐林芳 龔敏 文萍 文劍波 李興 王桂良



[摘要] 目的 對應用生長抑素預防內鏡逆行胰膽管造影(ERCP)術后胰腺炎(PEP)和ERCP術后高淀粉酶血癥(PEHA)的研究進行Meta分析。 方法 搜索電子數據庫,包括PubMed、EMBASE、Cochrane圖書館和科學引文索引以檢索相關試驗。納入比較生長抑素和空白對照預防PEP的對照試驗。使用隨機效應模型和固定效應模型進行Meta分析以評估PEP、PEHA和ERCP術后腹痛的比率。 結果 生長抑素組PEP和PEHA比率均明顯低于空白對照組(RR=0.45,95%CI:0.33~0.61,P<0.00001;RR=0.51,95%CI:0.39~0.67,P<0.00001)。對于短時間注射亞組,生長抑素組與空白對照組之間的PEP和PEHA比率比較,差異無統計學意義(RR=0.49,95%CI:0.22~1.11,P=0.09;RR=0.88,95%CI:0.450~0.172,P=0.71)。對于長時間注射亞組,生長抑素組的PEP和PEHA比率明顯低于空白對照組(RR=0.43,95%CI:0.31~0.59,P<0.00001;RR=0.51,95%CI:0.30~0.69,P<0.00001)。對低危PEP亞組,生長抑素組與空白對照組PEP比率比較,差異無統計學意義(RR=0.60,95%CI:0.37~0.97,P=0.96);對于高危PEP亞組,生長抑素組PEP比率顯著低于空白對照組(RR=0.62,95%CI:0.41~0.93)。對于長時間注射高風險PEP亞組,生長抑素組的PEP比率明顯低于空白對照組(RR=0.54,95%CI:0.34~0.86,P=0.01)。生長抑素組的ERCP術后腹痛總發生率明顯低于空白對照組(RR=0.60,95%CI:0.33~1.10,P=0.01)。PEP發病率的漏斗圖顯示沒有不對稱性和負斜率。結論 長時間注射生長抑素可以顯著降低高風險患者PEP、PEHA和ERCP后腹痛的發生率,而對于低風險患者則無需使用。
[關鍵詞] 內鏡逆行胰膽管造影;生長抑素;胰腺炎;高淀粉酶血癥
[中圖分類號] R657.3? ? ? ? ? [文獻標識碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1673-9701(2021)06-0001-09
Meta analysis of the effectiveness of somatostatin in preventing pancreatitis and hyperamylasemia after ERCP
LIN Qiuman QIU Ping XU Linfang GONG Min WEN Ping WEN Jianbo LI Xing WANG Guiliang
Department of Gastroenterology, Pingxiang Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Pingxiang? ?337000, China
[Abstract] Objective To conduct a meta-analysis of somatostatin in preventing post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis(PEP) and post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography hyperamylasemia (PEHA). Methods The electronic databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Science Citation Index, were searched to retrieve relevant experiments. A controlled trial comparing somatostatin and blank control to prevent PEP was included. Random effects model and fixed effects model were used for meta-analysis to evaluate the rate of abdominal pain after PEP, PEHA, and ERCP. Results The ratios of PEP and PEHA in the somatostatin group were significantly lower than those in the blank control group(RR=0.45, 95%CI: 0.33-0.61, P<0.00001; RR=0.51, 95%CI: 0.39-0.67, P<0.00001). For the short-term injection subgroup,there was no statistical difference between the ratios of PEP and PEHA between the somatostatin group and the blank control group(RR=0.49, 95%CI: 0.22-1.11, P=0.090; RR=0.88, 95%CI: 0.450-0.172, P=0.71). For the long-term injection subgroup, the ratio of PEP and PEHA in the somatostatin group was significantly lower than that of the blank control group(RR=0.43, 95%CI: 0.31-0.59, P<0.00001; RR=0.51, 95%CI: 0.30-0.69, P<0.00001). For the low-risk PEP subgroup, there was no significant difference in the PEP ratio between the somatostatin group and the blank control group (RR=0.60, 95%CI: 0.37-0.97, P=0.96). For the high-risk PEP subgroup,the PEP ratio of the somatostatin group was significantly lower than that of the blank control group(RR=0.62, 95%CI: 0.41-0.93). For the long-term injection of the high-risk PEP subgroup, the PEP ratio of the somatostatin group was significantly lower than that of the blank control group(RR=0.54, 95%CI: 0.34-0.86, P=0.01). The total rate of abdominal pain after ERCP in the somatostatin group was significantly lower than that of the blank control group(RR=0.60, 95%CI: 0.33-1.10, P=0.01). The funnel chart of the incidence of PEP showed no asymmetry or negative slope. Conclusion Long-term injection of somatostatin can significantly reduce the incidence of abdominal pain after PEP, PEHA and ERCP in high-risk patients, but it is not necessary for low-risk patients.
[Key words] Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography; Somatostatin; Pancreatitis; Hyperamylasemia
內鏡逆行胰膽管造影(Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography,ERCP)是一項發展很快的重要的診斷與治療技術,可用于膽總管結石、膽道腫瘤、膽管狹窄、胰腺癌等疾病的診斷和治療,具有創傷小、術后恢復快、療效可靠等優點,其主要并發癥是腹痛、腹脹、術后胰腺炎(Post-ERCP pancreatitis,PEP)、高淀粉酶血癥、膽管炎、膿毒血癥、消化道出血和十二指腸穿孔等,其中PEP是最為常見的并發癥,如何預防PEP是臨床工作者的一項重要研究課題[1]。預防PEP的主要藥物有非甾體類抗炎藥物(吲哚美辛、雙氯芬酸和布洛芬等)和蛋白酶抑制劑(生長抑素、烏司他丁、奧曲肽、加貝酯和奈莫司他等),生長抑素是這類藥物中最為廣泛應用,能抑制胰腺外分泌功能,減少胃泌素及縮膽囊素分泌[2]。但在國內外應用生長抑素抑制PEP的臨床研究中,得出的結論不一致。本研究運用循證醫學方法,對已報道的國內外應用生長抑素抑制PEP的文獻進行Meta分析,為預防ERCP術后并發癥提供理論證據,現報道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 文獻納入與排除標準
納入標準:(1)將患者分為兩組,生長抑素組和空白對照組;(2)患者接受ERCP;(3)該研究至少報道了以下結果指標之一:PEP、PEHA或ERCP后腹痛。排除標準:(1)非隨機對照性研究設計;(2)臨床病例報告及缺乏空白對照組的單組研究;(3)缺乏必要數據的研究。
1.2 文獻檢索策略
通過計算機檢索PubMed、OVID、Cochrane library、EBSCO、Embase、Web of Science、中國知網、萬方數據庫,檢索相關參考文獻。相關文獻檢索詞為:“somatostatin” “post-ERCP pancreatitis”“endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography” “ERCP”“Hyperamylasemia”“生長抑素”“ERCP術后胰腺炎”“內鏡逆行胰膽管造影”“高淀粉酶血癥”。
1.3 文獻質量評價及數據提取
所納入的文獻通過兩名研究者對文獻的偏倚風險進行評估,并且對不相一致的結果進行復查,若存在爭議則通過討論方式解決。對偏倚風險采用Cochrane系統評價手冊進行評估。由兩名研究者交叉核對所需數據資料,并且通過第三名研究者對分歧進行評判。所提取的文獻內容包括第一作者、第一作者所屬國家、研究發表時間、研究對象的病例數、性別、年齡、采用的干預方法、結果、退出或失訪的患者等?;谝韵聝蓚€因素進行亞組分析:(1)生長抑素輸注模式,包括推注(單次劑量生長抑素0.25 mg或4 μg/kg靜脈注射);短時間注射(生長抑素0.25 mg/h,滴注或泵靜脈注射<4 h);長時間注射(生長抑素0.25 mg/h,滴注或泵靜脈注射≥4 h);(2)PEP風險水平,包括高風險PEP(①Oddi括約肌障礙;②近期發生過急性胰腺炎;③預切口括約肌切開術;④插管次數≥3次;⑤胰管注射)和低風險PEP(無上述高風險PEP因素)[3]。
1.4 統計學處理
所獲取的數據通過Review Manager 5.3統計學軟件進行整理和分析。其中的計數資料統計量通過風險比(Risk ratio,RR)進行分析,95%置信區間(Confidenceinterval,CI)表示區間估計。對異質性采用χ2檢驗進行檢驗,P<0.1時,表示研究結果之間有異質性,對異質性大小采用I2定量進行分析。I2≤50%時,采用固定效應模型分析。I2>50%時,采用隨機效應模型分析。以Egger檢驗和漏斗圖分析潛在的發表偏倚。以α=0.05作為檢驗水準,P<0.05為差異有統計學意義。
2 結果
2.1 文獻檢索結果及納入文獻的基本特征
通過計算機檢索,共有1590篇相關文獻被納入本研究,排除1344篇不符合納入標準的文獻,包括重復性論文、非隨機對照研究(RCT)論文和Meta分析論文,得到246篇相關文獻,在排除220篇不符合要求的文獻,包括非空白對照與生長抑素對比的論文、聯用了其他藥物和動物實驗的文獻,最后納入26篇文獻[4-29]。文獻內容涉及患者共6764例,其中3827例為生長抑素組,2937例為空白對照組。所納入文獻的基本特征及質量評價見圖1、表1。
2.2 Meta分析結果
2.2.1 生長抑素與空白對照組總PEP發生率比較? 生長抑素組PEP發生率為5.3%,空白對照組PEP發生率為10.1%,研究之間存在異質性(P<0.001,I2=59%),采用隨機效應模型進行檢驗。與空白對照組相比,生長抑素組PEP發生率顯著降低(RR=0.45,95%CI:0.33~0.61,P<0.0001)。見圖2。
2.2.2 注射方式亞組分析生長抑素與空白對照組比較的PEP發生率? 根據給藥方式和劑量,將納入患者進一步分為長時間注射亞組(靜脈滴注或泵入時間≥4 h)、短時間注射亞組(一次性靜脈推注,滴注或泵入時間<4 h)。Meta分析結果顯示,長時間注射亞組各研究間無異質性(P=0.002,I2=55%),采用隨機效應模型進行檢驗。與空白對照組比較,長時間注射生長抑素可顯著降低PEP發生率,組間比較,差異有統計學意義(RR=0.43,95%CI:0.31~0.59,P<0.0001);短時間注射亞組各研究間有異質性(P=0.005,I2=68%),采用固定效應模型檢驗。與空白對照組比較,短時間注射生長抑素不能降低PEP發生率,組間比較,差異無統計學意義(RR=0.49,95%CI:0.22~1.11,P=0.09)。見圖3。
本研究的不足之處在于:(1)納入的文獻數量不多,將研究對象細分為高風險亞組和低風險亞組的文獻不多,部分文獻質量不高;(2)分析ERCP術后腹痛的文獻不多。上述的因素可能在一定程度上影響了本項研究的可靠性。因此,尚且需要更多的隨機對照研究證明本研究結果的穩定性。
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(收稿日期:2020-08-17)