瞻前顧后 詞句結構

單新梅?李玉梅

【摘要】“七選五”的考綱要求學生理解文章的基本結構及整體內容，注意考查上下文的邏輯意義。這對學生綜合語言運用能力提出了更高的要求，根據考查內容通常有放在句首的主題句和標題類的句子;放在句中考查承上啟下的段中題型;放在段末的設題方式，既進行概括總結，又起著承上啟下的作用。因此，該題目在高考中可能會起到成績分水嶺的作用，能否掌握該題型的做題技巧是關乎“錦上添花”還是“雪上加霜”的事情。下面針對不同的題目特點，談一下破解方法。

【關鍵詞】高中英語教學;七選五破解思路

【作者簡介】單新梅，李玉梅，山東濰坊高密三中。

一、語言形式突破法

該方法適合標題類題目，因為段落標題的語言形式多為祈使句或者名詞短語。做題時先根據這個語言形式鎖定三兩個選項，這可大大縮小選擇范圍，提高得分率。再根據標題的主題概括性功能進行推敲，最終敲定答案。如，2016年全國II卷37題：

?? ? ? 37

Some people may think that a garden is no more than plants， flowers， pattems and masses of color...

?Recall （回憶） your childhood memories

Our model of what a garden should be often goes back to childhood...

A. Know why you garden

B. Find a good place for your own garden

【解析】參考第二個黑標題，鎖定AB兩個祈使句，將對題率提高到50%，再結合這句話的主題句功能，最終確定答案是A。

二、主題句突破法

此法適合設在段首的段落主題句類題目。此時，需要在復現詞、同場詞或其他相關線索詞的輔助下，概括其大意，然后根據段落一致性的原則進而推斷出主題句。如，以下例題：

The Ways Lift up Your Mood（情緒）

......

The first thing you should try is to socialize and to think positively... Just try to avoid bad thoughts ...

3? ? ?It could be something you have wanted for along time — a short trip， a coat， ...

D. Instead， try to think about the bright side of your life.

G. You should also try doing some things only for yourself， something totally selfish.

【解析】根據空后的所舉事例及篇章結構的技巧及原詞something的浮現等技巧可以鎖定G選項。

三、邏輯突破法

段中類題目多用此法。該選項要充分發揮“手拉手”的作用，它往往與上下句之間都有某種緊密的邏輯關系，如解釋、并列、轉折、因果、順承、遞進等。線索詞在該類題目中的作用尤其不容忽略。如，2016全國卷III40題：

There are many common methods used to cook fish.? ? 40? ?First， clean it and season it with your choice of spices（調料）. Put the whole fish on a plate and steam it in a steam pot for 8 to 10 minutes if it weighs about one pound. （A larger one will take more time.） Then， it's ready to serve.

B. The easiest is to steam it.

C. This is how you can do it.

【解析】該題可用具體事例的邏輯關系。空前說到魚有很多普通做法，空后開始列舉具體操作步驟，由此推測，空格處應該指眾多方法中的一種，也就是說B選項的完整說法其實是The easiest （one） is…，由此鎖定選項B。

四、總結概括突破法

適合位于段末需要概括性語句的題目。研讀整個段落，搞清楚段落大意，并參考段落首句，選擇首尾呼應性概括性較強的選項。在解題的過程中要多關注選項中表示結論、總結及結果等的信號詞，如so，therefore，thus等詞語。如，2017年全國卷Ⅲ39題：

Keep your sleep/wake schedule on weekends. If you're tired out by Friday night， sleeping in on Saturday could sound wonderful. But compensating on the weekends actually feeds into your sleepiness the following week， a recent study found.? 39

......

E. If the steps you take are working， keep it up.

F. Stick to your set bedtime and wake-up time， no matter the day.

G. Reconsider the 15 minutes you spend in line at the cafe to get coffee.

【解析】本段首句已經告知段落大意，就是“周末也要堅持自己的作息時間表”，F選項正好總結回扣了這個主題，并且強調“無論哪一天都要堅持”。

五、篇章結構突破法

七選五多為總分結構的說明文，段首往往是主題句，抓住篇章結構特點作為題目的切入點。 如，下面36題和39題：

Tourism can be both good and bad. Yes， it brings in money for the local economy and creates lots of jobs locals.? ? 36

One growing problem is tourists who want to prove that they have visited a destination...

Another big problem in some places has been tourists disturbing（打擾） the local people...

39? ? ?Walking in large groups without considering others who need to walk by， crossing roads without thinking of local traffic laws， ...

The only way to solve the problem of terrible tourists is to make sure that you are not one！ ...

A. But it may also bring some Problems.

E. The number of problems from tourists endless.

【解析】根據該說明文為總分的篇章結構，36題為表示概括總結的句子，39題為本段主題句的特點并承上啟下，而且下面各段分別闡述產生的各種問題，再加上it brings... 句式，所以36題鎖定答案為A ; 39題就篇章結構的特點one growing ... ，another big problem...緊接著應該還是圍繞出現的問題進行，故鎖定答案為E。這種題目要求學生必須心有篇章結構感，能從宏觀上把握整篇文章，不能單純只盯空前空后，否則就是死胡同。

六、段內句際關系突破法

宏觀上把握段落結構，利用段內句際關系。如，2014年課標卷II：

From my experience， there are three main reasons why people don't cook more often： ability， money， and time.? ? 36? ? ? Money is a topic Ill save for another day. So today I want to give you some wisdom about how to make the most of the time you spend in the kitchen.

A Try new things.

B. Ability is easily improved.

C. Make three or four instead.

【解析】該段落是總分結構，空前的主題句中提到ability， money， time三個主要原因，空后提到了money與time， 所以這里應是談ability， 故選B項。

七、代詞指代，半句及相同句式等方面綜合考慮來解答問題

如37題：

Over the years， there have been a number of different techniques to help designers approach this important point.? ? 37? ?， they can get a little complex....

A. While all of them are useful

B. Whatever you're looking for

【解析】空前提到了different techniques，A選項中的them吻合了這個復數指代。結合上下文句際邏輯，應該是盡管都有用，但是未免有點兒麻煩。故鎖定答案A。這個題目充分體現了解題時瞻前顧后的重要性。相同句式的考查如篇章結構的第36題it also brings...

提醒學生，靈活掌握先易后難的答題順序，把各種技巧結合起來，先讓有充分依據的選項對號入座，將把握不準的題目留到最后，把它們放在有限的幾個選擇項中進行對比推敲，從選項差異中找靈感，選最佳，這會大大提高正確率。