海流計的發展現狀及其應用

喬正明 陳超 吳姚振 朱娟

摘要：為解決海流計在實際應用中存在的部分專業術語不規范、譯名不統一和歸類有差異等問題 ， 促進海洋觀測儀器的發展和應用 ， 文章參照相關標準規范、權威專著和專業文獻等資料 ， 根據海流計的工作原理和使用性質 ， 結合業界實踐經驗 ， 系統梳理各類型海流計的命名、分類、適用范圍、特點和發展方向等內容。研究結果表明：海流計可定義為“一種用于測量海水流速和流向的儀器”， 根據工作原理主要分為機械式海流計、電磁海流計、聲學海流計和其他海流計4個大類 ， 不同類型的海流計各具特性;其中 ，機械式海流計主要包括厄克曼海流計、印刷海流計、照相型海流計、磁錄式海流計、遙測海流計和直讀式海流計 ， 電磁海流計主要包括地磁場電磁海流計和人造磁場電磁海流計 ， 聲學海流計主要包括聲學多普勒流速剖面儀、聲學多普勒海流單點測量儀、聲學多普勒流速儀和時差式聲學海流計 ， 其他海流計主要包括激光多普勒測速儀、電阻式海流計、應變片海流計、傾斜式海流計、粒子圖像測速儀和海洋湍流剖面儀。

關鍵詞：海流觀測;海流計;機械式海流計;電磁海流計;聲學海流計

中圖分類號：P716;P714????? 文獻標志碼：A?????? 文章編號：1005-9857（2021）12-0085-08

Development Status and Application of Current MetersQIAO Zhengming1，CHEN Chao2，WU Yaozhen3，ZHU Juan1

（1.Preparation Office of Zhangzhou base of National Marine Technology Center，Xiamen 361007，China;

2.CSIC PRIDe （Nanjing） Atmospheric &. Oceanic Information System Co.，Ltd.，Nanjing 211106，China;

3.Troops 91001，Beijing 110108，China）

Abstract：In order to solve the problems of nonstandard use of some professional terms， inconsistent translation and different classification in the practical application of current meters， referringto the national standards， industry specifications and relevant literature， combined with the principle and application of current measurement， this paper figured out the naming， classification，scope of application， characteristics and development direction of various types of current meterssystematically， which could also promote the development and application of ocean observationinstruments. The results showed that the current meter could be defined as “an instrument formeasuring the velocity and direction of sea water".The current meters were mainly divided into4 categories： mechanical current meters， electromagnetic current meters， acoustic current metersand other current meters according to the working principle and different types of current metershad their own characteristics. Mechanical current meters mainly included Ekman current meter，printing current meter， photographic current meter， magnetic recording current meter， telemetering current meter and direct reading current meter. Electromagnetic current meters mainly included geomagnetic electromagnetic current meter and artificial magnetic electromagnetic currentmeter. Acoustic current meters mainly included acoustic doppler current profiler， acousticdoppler current single point current measuring instrument， acoustic doppler current meter andtime different acoustic current meter. Other current meters mainly included laser doppler anemometry， resistance current meter， strain current meter， inclined current meter， particle imagevelocimeter and ocean turbulence profiler.

Keywords：Current observation，Current meter，Mechanical current meter，Electromagnetic currentmeter，Acoustic current meter

0 引言

海流是海洋動力環境的重要參數 ，對全球氣候穩定、海洋生態系統平衡和海洋開發利用等發揮至關重要的作用 ， 因此海流觀測技術一直是海洋觀測領域的關注焦點之一[1-2]。

為在惡劣的海洋環境下準確和便利地觀測海流 ，人類自17世紀開始使用漂流瓶和海冰等漂浮物觀測表層海流 ， 開啟人類觀測海流的歷史[3]。……