阿榮
摘要:結(jié)直腸癌是最常見的消化系統(tǒng)惡性腫瘤之一,結(jié)直腸癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移是結(jié)直腸癌治療的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn),其發(fā)病率死亡率有逐年增加的趨勢。根據(jù)患者具體情況治療分為手術(shù)治療和非手術(shù)治療,根治性手術(shù)切除、全身化療、靶向治療、消融治療、定向化療及放療均具有一定效果,延長患者生存期和生活質(zhì)量是結(jié)直腸癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移治療的主要目的。
關(guān)鍵詞:結(jié)直腸癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移 治療
結(jié)直腸癌(colorectal cancer)是最常見的消化系統(tǒng)惡性腫瘤之一,結(jié)直腸癌的發(fā)病率和死亡率分別居第三和第二位。死于結(jié)直腸癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移的患者約占結(jié)直腸癌總死亡人數(shù)的三分之二,25%的患者在診斷結(jié)直腸癌時(shí)發(fā)生肝轉(zhuǎn)移。結(jié)直腸癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移的治療具有挑戰(zhàn)性,雖然化療和靶向治療取得了進(jìn)展,但只有手術(shù)切除才能完全緩解。現(xiàn)就結(jié)直腸癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移的治療進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述。
1結(jié)直腸癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移的手術(shù)治療
結(jié)直腸癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移最有效的治療方法是手術(shù)切除。國外數(shù)據(jù)庫顯示接受手術(shù)的結(jié)直腸癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移患者5年生存率為42%,而未行手術(shù)的患者的生存率僅為9%。結(jié)直腸癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移患者根據(jù)其手術(shù)適應(yīng)癥,并存基礎(chǔ)疾病,選擇同期手術(shù),或行分期切除。對(duì)于同時(shí)發(fā)生肝轉(zhuǎn)移的患者,應(yīng)首先考慮手術(shù)切除肝轉(zhuǎn)移灶的時(shí)機(jī)和可行性,首選原發(fā)灶與肝轉(zhuǎn)移灶一期同步切除。對(duì)根據(jù)術(shù)前評(píng)估不能滿足一期同步切除要求的患者,可選擇二期分期切除、局部病灶治療進(jìn)行原發(fā)性和轉(zhuǎn)移性肝轉(zhuǎn)移瘤。隨著微創(chuàng)手術(shù)技術(shù)的提高,腹腔鏡手術(shù)也逐漸應(yīng)用于結(jié)直腸癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移患者的手術(shù)治療中。與開腹手術(shù)相比,腹腔鏡手術(shù)已被證明與結(jié)直腸和肝臟手術(shù)的良好結(jié)果相關(guān)。對(duì)于肝轉(zhuǎn)移灶的處理,局部毀損治療也可取得理想的效果,如射頻消融、微波消融和放射治療等。射頻消融的主要原理是通過射頻針使癌組織溫度迅速升高而產(chǎn)生凝固性壞死,該方法使用方便、安全,能有效破壞肝轉(zhuǎn)移灶中的腫瘤細(xì)胞。研究報(bào)告顯示,不可切除的結(jié)腸癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移患者射頻消融后的2年總生存率和中位生存期分別為67%和36個(gè)月。在單個(gè)腫瘤直徑小于4 cm的患者中,90%以上的患者采用消融治療能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)腫瘤的完全切除。
2結(jié)直腸癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移的非手術(shù)治療
盡管手術(shù)治療大腸癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移的理念和技術(shù)有了長足的進(jìn)步,但仍有大部分患者的肝轉(zhuǎn)移不能完全切除。無法手術(shù)的患者,要綜合運(yùn)用多種有效、可靠的治療方法,最大限度地延長患者生存期,改善預(yù)后。轉(zhuǎn)化治療可用于不能切除的病例,以減少大部分轉(zhuǎn)移性疾病并使其具有可操作性,或可用于播散性轉(zhuǎn)移性疾病,以延緩進(jìn)展和延長生存期因此轉(zhuǎn)化治療的概念被提出,并逐漸成為初診不可切除結(jié)直腸癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移患者的治療方案。轉(zhuǎn)化治療包括化療、分子靶向治療、介入治療和放射治療。肝動(dòng)脈灌注化療已經(jīng)發(fā)展成為一種有吸引力的治療方法,可以控制患者肝轉(zhuǎn)移的進(jìn)展。與全身化療相比,肝動(dòng)脈灌注化療可顯著提高肝癌組織中藥物濃度,減少化療藥物在外周血中的分布,從而減少全身不良反應(yīng)。肝動(dòng)脈是直徑大于3 mm肝轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的主要血供來源,而正常肝細(xì)胞主要經(jīng)門靜脈循環(huán)灌注。因此,肝動(dòng)脈化療在相對(duì)保留正常實(shí)質(zhì)的同時(shí),可選擇性地將藥物輸送至腫瘤。隨著化療方案的不斷完善,基于奧沙利鉑的FOLFOX方案得到了廣泛應(yīng)用,明顯提高了腫瘤的有效率,且轉(zhuǎn)化切除率高,安全性好,易于操作和推廣,受到越來越多的關(guān)注。這些藥物通過干擾快速生長的惡性腫瘤細(xì)胞內(nèi)的細(xì)胞分裂過程發(fā)揮作用,并可能以多種組合給藥。個(gè)體化治療通常是通過穿插積極化療和維持化療周期來實(shí)現(xiàn)的。此外,為了限制副作用,可能會(huì)減少藥物的劑量。新輔助化療和非新輔助化療對(duì)可切除結(jié)直腸肝轉(zhuǎn)移患者的療效,結(jié)果顯示新輔助化療顯著提高了此類患者的總存活率。分子靶向藥物,如西妥昔單抗、貝伐單抗、羅非替尼、呋替尼已被證明在治療結(jié)直腸癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移中是安全的。貝伐單抗和阿普利塞特是抗血管內(nèi)皮生長因子受體的抗血管生成單克隆抗體。西妥昔單抗和帕尼圖單抗是抗表皮生長因子受體(EGFR)的單克隆抗體,它們干擾細(xì)胞表面的信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo),與ras野生型mCRC的一線化療相結(jié)合是有效的。貝伐單抗/西妥昔單抗,現(xiàn)在被用作K-RAS野生型患者聯(lián)合化療的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。對(duì)于不能切除的肝轉(zhuǎn)移瘤患者,放射治療是可選的治療方法之一。有研究表明,肝轉(zhuǎn)移患者放療后的中位總生存期為10~34個(gè)月。但肝臟對(duì)高劑量輻射的耐受性較差,存在輻射誘導(dǎo)肝損傷的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
3.小結(jié)
結(jié)直腸癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移是結(jié)直腸癌的治療重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)之一。結(jié)直腸癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移的治療具有挑戰(zhàn)性,需要多學(xué)科的策略。隨著醫(yī)療技術(shù)的不斷提高,治療方法和觀念不斷更新,我們對(duì)結(jié)直腸癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移患者的治療也越來越有針對(duì)性,以患者為中心的多學(xué)科治療也越來越有效。根據(jù)患者的具體情況,行外科治療與全身化療聯(lián)合靶向治療、消融治療、化療和放療等綜合治療方案,以利患者,延長患者的生存期和生活質(zhì)量。
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內(nèi)蒙古醫(yī)科大學(xué)? 內(nèi)蒙古呼和浩特? 010000