陳愛娥 蔣曉珍 彭健韞 翁曉華
[關鍵詞] 糖尿病腎病;血液透析;優質化護理;血肌酐;尿素氮
[中圖分類號] R473.5? ? ? ? ? [文獻標識碼] B? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1673-9701(2021)23-0173-04
Analysis on the application value of high-quality service in nursing care of elderly patients with diabetic nephropathy undergoing hemodialysis
CHEN Ai′e? ?JIANG Xiaozhen? ?PENG Jianyun? ?WENG Xiaohua
Department of Blood Purification,Lishui People′s Hospital,Lishui? ?323000,China
[Abstract] Objective To explore the application value of high-quality services in the nursing of elderly patients with diabetic nephropathy undergoing hemodialysis. Methods From January 2018 to October 2019,120 elderly patients with diabetic nephropathy undergoing hemodialysis in our hospital were enrolled.The patients were randomly divided into two groups of 60 cases each (random number table method).The control group was given routine nursing care,and the observation group was given high-quality nursing care.The treatment compliance,blood glucose level,renal function indices,negative mood score,quality of life score,and nursing satisfaction were compared between the two groups. Results The total treatment compliance rate was 93.33% in the observation group and 78.33% in the control group.The observation group was higher than the control group (P<0.05). The fasting blood glucose,2h postprandial blood glucose, blood creatinine, and urea nitrogen after nursing were lower than those before nursing in the both groups (P<0.05). The fasting blood glucose, 2 h postprandial blood glucose,blood creatinine,and urea nitrogen after nursing in the observation group were all lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). Anxiety and depression scores were compared between the two groups,and they were lower in the observation group after nursing than those in the control group (P<0.05). The quality of life score was compared between the two groups,and it was higher in the observation group after nursing than that in the control group (P<0.05). There was significant difference between the observation group and the control group in the overall satisfaction rate with nursing care (96.67% vs 83.33%, P<0.05). Conclusion The implementation of high-quality nursing services during hemodialysis in elderly patients with diabetic nephropathy can effectively enhance patients′ compliance with treatment,help improve blood glucose control,and better improve renal function.It can also improve patients' mental conditions,quality of life,and nursing satisfaction.
[Key words] Diabetic nephropathy;Blood hemodialysis;High-quality nursing;Blood creatinine;Urea nitrogen
糖尿病腎病是糖尿病患者最常見的并發癥類型之一,由于患者血糖長期處于高水平狀態,患者腎功能受到損傷,隨著病情進展,患者腎功能損傷加重,是威脅糖尿病患者生命安全的重要原因[1-3]。血液透析是糖尿病腎病臨床治療時常用的一種手段,可對血液中毒素分子進行清除,從而控制患者病情[4],但由于血液透析治療周期長,受病情影響,患者易出現焦慮、抑郁等不良情緒,治療依從性較差,不利于治療效果,合理的護理措施必不可少。優質化護理是一種近年來臨床護理方面大力提倡的理念,其護理目標為“實現優質化醫療服務”,為探討優質化護理在老年糖尿病腎病血液透析患者護理中的應用價值,本研究對120例老年糖尿病腎病患者進行觀察。
1資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
將2018年1月至2019年10月入住我院的120例血液透析老年糖尿病腎病患者采用隨機數字表法分為兩組,每組各60例。對照組:平均(71.43±9.14)歲,男女分別為33例和27例,平均病程(3.82±0.23)年;觀察組:平均(71.68±9.32)歲,男女分別為32例和28例,平均病程(3.82±0.23)年。兩組患者年齡、性別無統計學差異(P>0.05),具有可比性。本研究獲醫學倫理委員會批準和患者知情同意。
1.2 方法
對照組患者給予常規護理,透析時注意監測患者生命體征,并為其耐心講解相關注意事項。
觀察組患者給予優質化護理,具體措施為:(心理護理:收集患者文化水平信息,邀請心理科醫師認真聆聽患者的傾訴,在聆聽過程中了解患者心理動態,分析負性情緒原因,針對原因對患者進行安撫,并及時給患者提供病情信息,消除焦慮、抑郁等負面情緒。(2)飲食護理:由醫生、護士及營養師對患者飲食認知進行評估,根據血液透析治療特點,為患者制定飲食方案,向患者強調合理飲食的重要性,為患者及其家屬詳細講解飲食相關知識,傳遞飲食信息;患者可記錄自身連續3天的飲食,根據患者飲食日記,對其不規范飲食行為進行糾正,與患者家屬協作,做好患者的飲食監督工作。(3)親情護理:與患者家屬進行溝通,為其講解血液透析治療期間的注意事項,囑咐家屬陪伴患者進行血液透析,向患者傳遞鼓勵、關心[5-6]。
1.3觀察指標
①治療依從性:依從率=完全依從率+部分依從率,患者自覺配合治療歸為“完全依從”,患者經醫護人員督促后對治療無抵觸情緒歸為“部分依從”,患者始終存在抵觸情緒歸為“不依從”[7]。②血糖水平:包括空腹血糖、餐后2 h血糖。空腹血糖是所有患者禁食8 h以上選用無熱原真空采血管采集肘靜脈血,餐后2 h血糖是所有患者禁食2 h選用無熱原真空采血管采集肘靜脈血,然后采用強生穩豪血糖儀進行檢測。③腎功能指標:包括血肌酐、尿素氮,所有患者禁食4 h以上選用無熱原真空采血管采集肘靜脈血,然后采用全自動生化分析儀進行檢測。④不良情緒評分:采用SAS量表評估患者焦慮,SDS量表評估抑郁,總分100分,得分越高表示患者越焦慮/抑郁,評分均采用4分法評估患者癥狀出現頻次,其標準為:1分表示沒有或很少出現;2分表示有時出現;3分表示大部分時間出現;4分表示大部分或全部時間都有。20個條目中有15項是用負性詞陳述的,按上述l~4順序評分。其余5項(第5,9,13,17,19),是用正性詞陳述的,按4~1順序反向計分[8]。⑤生活質量評分:選擇WHOQOL-BREF簡表(由世界衛生組織制訂),量表分為生理、心理、環境、社會關系,單項最低為0分,最高為100分,得分越高生活質量越高[9-10];⑥護理滿意度:選擇自制調查問卷(效度為0.90,信度為0.88)調查患者滿意度,調查問卷最高100分,劃分3個范圍(<60分為不滿意、60~80分為一般滿意、>80分為很滿意),總滿意率=很滿意率+一般滿意率[11]。
1.4 統計學方法
應用SPSS 26.0軟件,計數資料表示為[n(%)],行χ2檢驗,計量資料表示為均數±標準差(x±s),行t檢驗,P<0.05時表示差異有統計學意義。
2結果
2.1 兩組治療依從性比較
在患者總依從率方面,與對照組比較,觀察組更高(93.33% vs. 78.33%,P<0.05)。見表1。
2.2兩組患者護理前后血糖水平、腎功能指標比較
兩組的空腹血糖、餐后2 h血糖、血肌酐、尿素氮在護理后均較護理前降低(P<0.05),而護理后的空腹血糖、餐后2 h血糖、血肌酐、尿素氮在觀察組中均低于對照組(P<0.05)。見表2。
2.3兩組患者護理前后不良情緒評分比較
組內比較,兩組患者護理后焦慮和抑郁評分均較護理前降低(P<0.05);兩組間比較,護理前無統計學差異(P>0.05),護理后觀察組均低于對照組(P<0.05)。見表3。
2.4兩組患者護理前后生活質量評分比較
組內比較,兩組患者護理后生活質量評分均較護理前增高(P<0.05);組間比較,護理前無統計學差異(P>0.05),護理后觀察組高于對照組(P<0.05)。見表4。
2.5兩組護理滿意度比較
護理總滿意率觀察組與對照組比較差異有統計學意義(96.67% vs. 83.33%,P<0.05)。見表5。
3討論
糖尿病腎病是糖尿病累及腎臟后引發的并發癥,是導致糖尿病患者死亡的重要原因,多發生于老年人群,患者腎功能處于進行性損傷狀態,需積極治療[12-14]。臨床針對糖尿病患者的腎功能損傷主張實施血液透析治療,血液透析可通過持續的血液凈化治療,清除患者血液中毒素,減少毒素對腎功能的損傷,還可糾正酸堿平衡,減輕腎臟炎癥反應[15-17]。但在血液透析治療期間,由于血液透析需長期治療,患者易產生焦慮、緊張等不良情緒,從而會影響到治療效果[18-19]。且隨著人們生活水平的不斷提高,患者對護理提出了更高的要求,目前優質護理在多種臨床疾病中應用,然而在老年糖尿病腎病血液透析中鮮有報道。
常規血透護理主要以健康宣教為主,對患者心理狀態針對性不足,護理效果差強人意。近年來,優質化醫療服務的倡議在臨床上逐漸推廣開來,而在臨床護理方面,形成了優質化護理模式,其主張優化原本的護理措施,針對患者具體需求,優化護理服務的各個細節,實現優質化護理服務[20-21]。優質化護理模式下的護理措施充分考慮到患者的護理需求和實際情況,不僅靈活性、針對性更強,還具有個性化的特點,可對患者護理需求進行滿足,對實際存在或潛在的護理問題進行解決。本研究結果顯示:(1)治療總依從率觀察組93.33%高于對照組78.33%(P<0.05),護理后的空腹血糖、餐后2 h血糖、血肌酐、尿素氮在觀察組中均低于對照組(P<0.05),說明優質化護理可切實提高患者對血液透析治療的配合度,更好地控制血糖和腎功能損傷進展;(2)護理后,與對照組相比,焦慮和抑郁評分觀察組均更低,生活質量評分和護理總滿意率觀察組均更高(P<0.05),說明優質化護理還可減輕不良情緒,提升生活質量,使患者更加滿意于護理服務,這主要是因為優質化護理模式下,心理護理幫助患者改善了其心理狀況,而心理護理與其他護理措施落實后使患者病情(血糖增高、腎功能損傷等)得到了有效控制,減輕病情給患者生活質量造成的影響。2019年李永秀等[22]學者在糖尿病腎病透析患者中應用個體化的護理,其護理措施與本研究相似,結果顯示個體化護理組患者的治療依從性大大提高,且患者出現心血管等并發癥的發生率也明顯低于常規護理組,再一次證明優質化護理服務在老年糖尿病腎病患者血液透析期間的應用效果。
綜上所述,在老年糖尿病腎病患者血液透析期間實施優質化護理服務,可有效增強患者的治療依從性,有利于提高血糖控制效果,更好地改善腎功能,還可對患者心理狀況、生活質量、護理滿意度起到改善作用。
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(收稿日期:2021-02-25)