鐘志林
讀后續寫是很多同學的心頭之痛,主要原因是不知如何“讀”,或重點讀什么。筆者認為,如果沒有充分的“讀”,“寫”就無從談起。現以最近一次月考的讀后續寫為例,談談“讀”的技巧。
一、原題呈現
閱讀下面材料,根據其內容和所給段落開頭語續寫兩段,使之構成一篇完整的短文。
Arthur was messy. He didn’t try to make messes, neither did he try to clean up much. His socks never made it into the hamper (洗衣籃). And he only picked up his toys when Mom threatened to throw them away. Most days, Mom followed Arthur around the house and cleaned up after him. She brushed the crumbs(碎屑) into her hand and threw them away after meals. She picked up his socks and made sure they got washed, dried and folded neatly before going back in the drawer.
One day, Mom asked Arthur to pick up his toy trains. He was reading a comic book and he was still reading, saying nothing. The trains had been on the living room floor since the morning.
“You know what, Arthur? I’m not going to ask you again. I’m done cleaning today.”And with that,Mom put her feet up on the sofa and picked up a book to read.
At dinner time, Arthur noticed that there was a big pile of crumbs at his place at the table. After dinner, Arthur’s feet felt cold. He went to his room and opened his drawer, but the drawer was empty.“Mom, where are my socks?”Arthur called.
“There weren’t any socks in your hamper, so I didn’t wash them,”Mom said. Arthur felt unhappy. Now his feet would be cold, unless he wanted to wear dirty socks from the floor. He decided to stay barefoot.
When it was time for bed, Arthur said good night to Mom and turned to go upstairs. Arthur stepped right on his toy train in his bare feet.“Ouch!”cried Arthur.“That really hurt !”
注意:
1. 續寫詞數應為150左右
2. 請按如下格式在答題卡的相應位置作答。
He turned to mom for help. However, Mom was still reading and said nothing._______________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Having put away the toy train, he caught sight of the dirty socks.________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
故事梗概:Arthur是一個messy男孩,經常不收拾自己吃剩下的東西,不收拾自己的玩具等物品,都是母親經常幫他整理,但Arthur就是不愿意按母親的要求去整理內務;有一次母親沒有幫他再整理物品了,Arthur找不到襪子,赤腳上樓而不小心踩到自己任意放置的玩具火車上,弄痛了腳……
二、如何實施有效的“讀”
1. 讀情節
讀透故事情節,重點抓住兩條線:
一條是明線,即動作線:要理順主要人物的動作過程,我們閱讀時采取標注動詞的方法,關注動詞呈現的先后順序,弄清故事中人物做了什么。
另一條是暗線,即情感線:閱讀過程中,重點標注表示人物情感的形容詞和副詞。如果找不到描寫人物情感的形容詞或副詞,可以通過他們的動作或對話,分析他們的情感變化。
(1)明線分析:標注動詞,理順情節。
首先標注描寫Arthur和Mom的動詞,推斷人物性格特征。
第一,標注描寫Arthur 的動詞。
... he only picked up his toys when Mom threatened to throw them away.”... .. One day, Mom asked Arthur to pick up his toy trains. He was reading a comic book and he was still reading, saying nothing ...... Arthur’s feet felt cold. He went to his room and opened his drawer, but the drawer was empty.“Mom, where are my socks?”Arthur called ...... Arthur stepped right on his toy train in his bare feet.“Ouch!”cried Arthur.“That really hurt !”
Arthur不主動收拾自己的物品,除非媽媽說要扔掉才行動。當媽媽叫他收拾玩具火車,他無動于衷,繼續看書;當腳涼了,在抽屜里沒有找到襪子,于是對媽媽喊叫;上樓進房間,不小心踩到了玩具火車,腳很痛。從動詞呈現的先后順序就能明晰故事發展的情節,也能體會到Arthur有“不整理自己物品”的壞習慣。
第二,標注描寫Mom的動詞。
Most days, Mom followed Arthur around the house and cleaned up after him. She brushed the crumbs(碎屑)into her hand and threw them away after meals. She picked up his socks and made sure they got washed, dried and folded neatly before going back in the drawer.
And with that,Mom put her feet up on the sofa and picked up a book to read.
可以看出,很多時候媽媽都是幫Arthur收拾東西,但有一天,媽媽一反常態,翹起腳看書,不幫收拾了。可以推斷,媽媽已意識到過度幫助孩子不是好事,要想辦法教育孩子了。
(2)暗線分析,關注人物情感的變化。
我們要重點標注反映人物情感狀態的形容詞或者副詞,以及語言描寫。以Arthur為例。
Arthur was messy. He didn’t try to make messes ... ..
Arthur’s feet felt cold. He went to his room and opened his drawer, but the drawer was empty.“Mom, where are my socks?” Arthur called... ..“There weren’t any socks in your hamper, so I didn’t wash them,”Mom said. Arthur felt unhappy ...... Arthur said good night to Mom and turned to go upstairs. Arthur stepped right on his toy train in his bare feet.“Ouch!”cried Arthur. “That really hurt !”
從劃線的這些形容詞和Arthur所說的話不難發現他情感的變化:一直messy,因為有媽媽幫著整理→媽媽叫他撿玩具火車,他“無動于衷”→腳變“冷”,無襪子,詢問無果→“不開心”,因為媽媽沒有幫他洗襪子→“生氣委屈”,因為他踩到了玩具火車,腳痛。
從暗線分析,也能理順文章的情節走向,理清文章脈絡。為續寫提供了情節支持與人物性格的“人設”支持,避免寫偏。
2. 讀語言
王明初教授曾經說過,讀后續寫要做到“內容要創造,語言要模仿”。為此,我們讀的時候,務必關注文章的語言特點和風格,以便讓“寫”有道可循,為續寫做好語言的模仿和鋪墊。語言特點和風格主要體現在以下兩個方面。
(1)宏觀方面:首先是文體,讀后續寫的文章多為記敘文,以故事的形式呈現,語言生動,描寫豐富,如環境描寫、動作和心理描寫的語言都比較豐富。其次敘事的順序一般是按照時間先后順序。所以學生閱讀時,要特別標記表示時間銜接的過渡詞。
(2)微觀方面:首先,關注時態。故事一般用過去時態,如一般過去時,過去完成時,過去將來時等等。 其次,關注文章的謀篇行文形式,在表達作者情感方面是否通過強化動作描寫和對話描寫?最后,標記重復使用的高頻動詞或者名詞,在續寫文章中可以“借用”;同時,關注一些句式,如with表示伴隨等;過去分詞和現在分詞的使用。這些語言現象在續寫中的使用能夠增加情節的融洽度,讓閱卷老師覺得,原文與續寫段落風格是一致的,與原文產生“拉平效應”。
結合以上兩點,回歸本文例子,我們要借用或模仿的語言有:
第一,動詞的使用。文中使用了大量的動詞,形成動作鏈,增強了情境的畫面感。 如描寫媽媽如何收拾整理物品的語言就非常具體生動,如 follow, clean up, brush, throw, pick up, get washed, dry, fold等。
Most days, Mom followed Arthur around the house and cleaned up after him. She brushed the crumbs(碎屑)into her hand and threw them away after meals. She picked up his socks and made sure they got washed, dried and folded neatly before going back in the drawer.
因此,我們要模仿這種行文技巧,讓先后發生的幾個動詞,形成動作鏈,有利于增強文章的感染力。
第二,語言描寫。需要提醒的是,語言描寫要與人物當時的動作和情感保持一致。如:
“You know what, Arthur?I’m not going to ask you again. I’m done cleaning today.”And with that, Mom put her feet up on the sofa and picked up a book to read. 對話內容“你知道嗎,Arthur?我不會再問你了,我今天打掃完了。”與動作“把腳擱在沙發上,拿起一本書來讀”表達的內容是一致的:媽媽不再幫他收拾了。
第三,銜接詞語。本文使用了以下表示時間的過渡性短語或從句:
One day, Mom asked Arthur to pick up his toy trains ...
At dinner time, Arthur noticed that there was a big pile of crumbs at his place at the table. After dinner, Arthur’s feet felt cold. He went to his room and opened his drawer, but the drawer was empty. “Mom, where are my socks?”Arthur called.
When it was time for bed, Arthur said good night to Mom and turned to go upstairs ...
我們在敘寫過程中,也要學會模仿原文這種銜接手法,使敘事更加連貫清晰。
3. 讀首句
這里的首句,是指命題者給出的需要我們續寫的兩個段落的首句。如何讀懂首句至關重要,因為首句就是“潛臺詞”,隱含著情節的走向,讀懂它,我們就能合理地推斷情節,構思續寫框架。
(1)關注句意銜接。
首先,解讀原文最后一句與所給續寫首段的首句的句意,推測下一句的情節,避免句意邏輯斷層。
原文末句:Arthur stepped right on his toy train in his bare feet. “Ouch!”cried Arthur.“That really hurt !”(阿瑟光著腳正好踩在他的玩具火車上。“哎喲!”亞瑟叫道。“真的很疼!”)
續寫的首段首句:He turned to mom for help. However, Mom was still reading and said nothing. (他向媽媽求助。然而,媽媽仍然在看書,什么也沒說)
由此推斷,下一句的信息應該是寫亞瑟的反應,而且是一些負面情緒的反應,因為他受傷了,求助媽媽,但媽媽無動于衷。所以亞瑟要么生氣,要么不解,要么委屈等等。這里通過一些動作以及語言描寫來勾畫當時的情緒。如:Seeing his mother’s response, he burst into anger.“Why are you so cold!” He shouted ...
其次,通過第二段首句反推第一段的情節發展,做好首段末尾與第二段首句的句意銜接。
續寫第二段首句:Having put away the toy train, he caught sight of the dirty socks.(他把玩具火車放好后,看到了臟襪子)
由句中“having put away the toy train”可推斷,第一段應該要寫Arthur如何收拾玩具火車的情節。當然,是什么驅使他完成這個動作,按照故事情感的發展由消極走向積極的原則,可以推斷他認識到自己的錯誤,懷著懊悔和羞愧情感完成了“收拾”的動作。
(2)讀出“首句”的關鍵信息,合理推測續寫情節。
如第一段首句的關鍵信息是亞瑟求助媽媽,“媽媽沒有回應”。據此,可自我叩問:最終媽媽幫助了Arthur嗎?幫助了他什么呢?怎么幫助?為什么幫助了他?這些問題鏈的提出,有利于使情節逐漸浮出水面,情節不會遠離核心內容。
又如第二段首句的關鍵信息是“看到了臟襪子了”。因此,后面的寫作思路應該是圍繞著如何處理臟襪子,而不是其他物品。
綜上所述,讀,除了讀原文以外,還得包括,題目提供的首句,千萬不要忽略續寫首句的重要性。我們要讀出“寫作關鍵信息”,為續寫內容做好邏輯銜接。
4. 讀“主題”
眾所周知,教育的根本任務是立德樹人,高考是教育的一個部分,也應具有育人功能,每一張試卷都必須有育人功能。因此,讀后續寫故事的最后,問題、矛盾或沖突最終一定會得到解決。故事中的人物經過一系列情緒或心理活動之后,必將從消極走向積極,最終明白一個道理或者實現了自我成長。就本例子而言,亞瑟從一個messy的男孩,在媽媽的教育和幫助下,學會自律和獨立,最終改掉了“臟亂”的壞習慣,實現了自我成長。
以上是筆者在課堂實施讀后續寫教學過程中,根據學生在“讀”時遇到的困惑和難點而總結出來的技巧,希望對考生能有所幫助。
責任編輯 蔣小青
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