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刺葡萄新品種湘刺1號的選育

2023-04-29 00:00:00楊梅潘永杰楊國順石雪暉劉昆玉白描羅飛雄
果樹學(xué)報 2023年9期

摘" " 要:湘刺1號是從懷化市中方縣桐木鎮(zhèn)選育得到的野生刺葡萄新品種。兩性花,果實可用于鮮食及釀酒。果穗呈圓柱形,松緊適中,果粉中等厚,平均穗質(zhì)量220 g,平均單粒質(zhì)量4.4 g,成熟時果皮呈藍(lán)黑色,可溶性固形物含量(w)可達(dá)17.5%。使用9對簡單重復(fù)序列標(biāo)記檢測,結(jié)果表明該品種具有遺傳特異性。該品種抗旱性強,耐高溫高濕環(huán)境;對黑痘病、白粉病等具有較高的抗性,但不抗霜霉病;抗蟲性強,但不抗根瘤蚜。適宜栽培于湖南、貴州、四川等地,春、秋兩季可種植。坡地環(huán)境會影響湘刺1號的果實品質(zhì),建議盡量選擇在地勢相對平坦的環(huán)境種植。

關(guān)鍵詞:刺葡萄;新品種;湘刺1號

中圖分類號:S663.1 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號:1009-9980(2023)09-2001-05

收稿日期:2023-03-13 接受日期:2023-04-25

基金項目:國家重點研發(fā)計劃項目(2021YFD1200200);湖南省自然科學(xué)基金青年項目(2021JJ40241);國家現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)體系項目(CARS-29-zp-9)

作者簡介:楊梅,女,在讀碩士研究生,研究方向為果樹遺傳育種。Tel:18892350917,E-mail:2063566890@qq.com

*通信作者Author for correspondence. Tel:17810604912,E-mail:781304265@qq.com

A new spine grape cultivar Xiangci No. 1 (Vitis davidii Fo?x. )

YANG Mei, PAN Yongjie, YANG Guoshun, SHI Xuehui, LIU Kunyu, BAI Miao, LUO Feixiong*

(College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University/Hunan Engineering and Technology Research Center for Grapes, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China)

Abstract: A new spine grape cultivar Xiangci No. 1 has hermaphrodite flowers, and the first inflorescence appears on the third to fifth node of the current cane. In 2012, a single spine grape line with decent berry quality was chosen for good botanical and agricultural traits. This excellent plant was later widely propagated by grafting and cuttings. The initial trial suggested that this plant not only had high yields, but also showed resistance to abiotic and biotic stress and had high adaptability to hot and humid climate in Hunan province. This new cultivar could be used for table grape and wine making. The growing canes and their leaf petioles from this new spine grape cultivar are covered with spine-shaped trichomes, young leaves are brightly red and brown, the veins on the underside of leaves are covered with low density trichomes and the leaf margin has no lobes or no obvious lobes, and the petiole depression is half open. Berry clusters are cylindrical with moderate tightness, berry surface is covered with medium thick wax, and berry skin is thick. Each fruiting cane carries an average two inflorescences, each one has a average length of 18.8 cm, and average inflorescence weight is 220 g. Berries are round with the fruit shape index of 1.0 and average berry weight is 4.4 g. At veraison stage, berry skin is light purple, and berries turn to blue black at maturity. The total soluble solids content is up to 17.5% when berry matures. The genetic uniqueness of this new cultivar was confirmed by using nine simple sequence repeat markers. The berry yield is about 1750-2000 kg per 666.7 m2. Because the new cultivar tends to have high yield, if berry yield is not properly controlled, vine vigor may decline prematurely. Yield management could be achieved by thinning blossoms and berries. Attention should be paid to soil improvement and root conservation. For fertilizer and water management, reducing chemical fertilizer application and increasing organic manure application can reduce the incidence of berry physiological diseases and improve berry quality. Reasonable fertilizer and water management can improve soil structure. Xiangci No. 1 has a high resistance to grape spot anthracnose, powdery mildew and other diseases, but the new cultivar is susceptible to downy mildew. The cultivar showed resistance to general insects but is susceptible to phylloxera. To reduce losses caused by plant diseases, rain shelter cultivation is recommended as it could effectively protect vines from downy mildew and other plant diseases. The cultivar showed relatively high levels of drought resistance and tolerance to hot and humid environment, which makes it suitable for cultivation in southern provinces of China such as Hunan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangdong, Yunnan and other places. New vineyards can be established in spring or autumn. After systematic observation and analysis, the overall performance of this new spine grape cultivar is excellent and stable. Therefore, the cultivar was registered as non-major crop cultivars by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs on June 19, 2020. The new cultivar belongs to spine grape population and it was named as Xiangci No. 1. The official registration number of this cultivar was GPD grape (2020) 430 008. Xiangci No. 1 has been cultivated in Hunan province as a major spine grape cultivar and is widely planted in sloping vineyards because its total soluble solids content in the berry is higher than that of other spine grape cultivars, but whether or not the sloping land growing conditions can affect its berry quality has not been studied. The effect of terrain on berry quality of the new cultivar was investigated by analyzing more than 140 plants growing at different rows. These results indicated that terrain significantly affected berry quality of Xiangci No. 1 and may provide an important reference for growing this cultivar on sloping vineyards and in other environments.

Key words: Spine grape; New cultivar; Xiangci No. 1

刺葡萄(Vitis davidii Fo?x.)屬于葡萄科葡萄屬東亞種群的一個種,為未完全經(jīng)過人工馴化的野生植物資源,主要分布在湘西地區(qū)[1]。刺葡萄對環(huán)境的適應(yīng)性強,能較好地適應(yīng)高溫高濕環(huán)境,耐病能力強[2],且其果粒大小是東亞種群中最大的,因此是不可多得的優(yōu)良種質(zhì)資源。湖南省選育的刺葡萄品種有紫秋[3]、湘釀1號[4]兩個品種,仍存在許多野生或變異資源未得到充分地保存和利用。

湘刺1號是湖南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)葡萄團隊選育的刺葡萄新品種。該品種為湖南刺葡萄產(chǎn)區(qū)懷化市中方縣的主栽品種,因可溶性固形物含量高于一般刺葡萄品種,故俗稱“甜刺葡萄”,為懷化國家地理標(biāo)志產(chǎn)品“湘珍珠”。該品種果皮紫黑色,上布有白色果粉,汁多色艷易栽培,產(chǎn)量高,可滴定酸含量在刺葡萄不同品種中相對較低,是地方優(yōu)質(zhì)栽培品種[5]。

1 選育過程

湖南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)葡萄團隊2010年開始對懷化市中方縣桐木鎮(zhèn)的刺葡萄種質(zhì)資源進(jìn)行調(diào)查和篩選,發(fā)現(xiàn)一個優(yōu)良單株湘刺1號(也稱甜刺葡萄)。2012年開始對該刺葡萄單株連續(xù)多年進(jìn)行植物學(xué)觀測,并通過嫁接和扦插擴繁,得到營養(yǎng)繁殖株系,并在湖南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)及中方縣進(jìn)行相關(guān)試驗和推廣種植。2014—2015年與湘釀1號和另外3個刺葡萄優(yōu)良單株進(jìn)行了配組試驗,結(jié)果表明該品種與湘釀1號成熟期相近,但豐產(chǎn)性更好,適應(yīng)性及抗逆性更強。果實表現(xiàn)出可溶性固形物含量高、可滴定酸含量較低、品質(zhì)較好、穗形松緊適中等優(yōu)勢且性狀穩(wěn)定。2020年6月19日通過農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部非主要農(nóng)作物品種登記,刺葡萄種群,可用作鮮食和釀酒,定名湘刺1號[編號:GPD葡萄(2020)430008](圖1)。

2 主要性狀

2.1 植物學(xué)特征

湘刺1號屬東亞種群,兩性花。該品種當(dāng)年生枝及其葉柄部位著生皮刺(圖2),長2~4 mm,幼葉鮮紅棕色,有光澤,葉背僅葉脈處有稀疏短茸毛,葉脈間無茸毛。成熟葉片心形,全緣無裂刻或不明顯三裂,葉色濃綠,中等厚,葉柄洼半開張。

2.2 果實經(jīng)濟性狀

湘刺1號果穗多為圓柱形,松緊適中,每果枝平均結(jié)2穗果,平均單穗質(zhì)量為220 g,果穗大小152.0 cm2,果穗平均長度18.8 cm;果粒圓形,果形指數(shù)1.0,果粒大小3.8 cm2,單粒質(zhì)量為4.4 g,可溶性固形物含量17.5%;果粉中等厚,果皮厚;初始著色淺紫色,成熟后藍(lán)黑色。單粒種子數(shù)量與紫秋相近,每顆果實種子數(shù)量為3~4粒,種子平均百粒質(zhì)量為3.81 g,種子平均長度6.24 mm,寬度4.46 mm(表1)。

2.3 生物學(xué)特性

2.3.1 物候期 湖南長沙地區(qū)種植的植株3月下旬至4月初萌芽,4月底至5月初開花,7月中下旬開始著色,9月上旬開始成熟,留樹掛果時間長。

2.3.2 生長結(jié)果習(xí)性 湘刺1號為兩性花,第一花序著生節(jié)位3~5節(jié)位,以第4節(jié)位居多,每新梢花序數(shù)1~3個,以2個花序居多,每666.7 m2產(chǎn)量為1750~2000 kg。

2.3.3 抗逆性與適應(yīng)性 湘刺1號抗旱性強,耐高溫高濕環(huán)境。較抗黑痘病、白粉病、炭疽病、灰霉病,但不抗霜霉病。抗蟲性強,但不抗根瘤蚜。適宜栽培于湖南、貴州、四川、江西、福建、湖北、云南、廣東、廣西等地,春秋兩季種植。

3 湘刺1號的遺傳特異性

通過使用9對SSR標(biāo)記檢測刺葡萄新品種湘刺1號的遺傳特異性,9對標(biāo)記分別為VChr3a[7]、VVMD5[8]、VrZAG79[9]、VrZAG62[9]、VVMD28[10]、VChr14b[7]、VVMD7[8]、VVMD25[10],并使用試驗所用材料在這9個位點的基因型數(shù)據(jù),計算出個體間的遺傳距離[11],使用遺傳距離數(shù)據(jù)構(gòu)建聚類圖,結(jié)果表明該品種在遺傳上是特異的,不同于其他試驗所用的刺葡萄和鮮食葡萄品種。刺葡萄新品種湘刺1號與刺葡萄聚類在一起,鮮食葡萄品種聚成一類,釀酒葡萄黑比諾單獨聚成一類。在刺葡萄一類中,湘刺1號與紫秋不聚在一小類,該品種與特異單株E15-7的關(guān)系要近于紫秋(圖3)。

4 栽培技術(shù)要點

4.1 架勢與整形

采用平棚架式栽培或“雙十字V型架”結(jié)合避雨棚。湖南地區(qū)普遍采用平棚架栽培,該栽培架式成本低,適宜山地種植,為減少霜霉病感染,可結(jié)合避雨棚栽培方式。

4.2 花果管理

該品種豐產(chǎn)性好,若不控制產(chǎn)量,可能會導(dǎo)致樹勢早衰。通過疏花疏果定產(chǎn)量,去除過多花穗(或果穗),可不對單穗進(jìn)行疏果,萌芽后應(yīng)抹芽疏枝,花期以前疏除過密枝梢,保證通風(fēng)透光,減少灰霉病的發(fā)生概率。果實發(fā)育期適當(dāng)留副梢,以便在果實采收后仍可制造部分養(yǎng)分用于來年生長。該品種果穗套袋,可提高果實品質(zhì),減少果實農(nóng)藥污染與日灼,適當(dāng)延遲果實的成熟期,提高果實的耐貯藏性能。避雨栽培可不用套袋,以節(jié)約成本。

4.3 肥水管理

建議對該品種科學(xué)合理施肥,有機肥和無機肥配合施用。減少化肥施用量,增施有機肥,可減少果實生理性病害,提高果實品質(zhì),且可改善土壤團粒結(jié)構(gòu)。該品種豐產(chǎn)性好,如果種植戶追求較高產(chǎn)量,在施肥時應(yīng)重視改良土壤和養(yǎng)護根系。施肥量依目標(biāo)產(chǎn)量和土壤養(yǎng)分情況而定。采用地面滴灌能促進(jìn)葡萄的生長結(jié)果、節(jié)約用水、減少地面徑流、防止水土流失,且能降低空氣濕度,減少病害發(fā)生。

4.4 病蟲害防治

以農(nóng)業(yè)防治為主,采用生物防治,注重冬季清園,消滅越冬病蟲源。花期注意防治灰霉病,果實著色后期應(yīng)注重防治炭疽病。注重采后處理,減輕鮮果在運輸過程中的二次污染。

4.5 坡地栽培湘刺1號建議

坡地栽培環(huán)境顯著影響湘刺1號的果實品質(zhì)。植物的生長需要從土壤中獲取養(yǎng)分,不同的地勢環(huán)境對植株的生長發(fā)育有著不同的影響,從而導(dǎo)致不同地勢環(huán)境條件下果實品質(zhì)的差異,坡地栽培的湘刺1號果實還原糖含量高于平地[12]。其與土壤水分含量有直接的關(guān)系[13],會影響刺葡萄果實品質(zhì)[14]。湘刺1號的種植盡量選擇地勢相對平坦的河灘或者具有梯田的山地,既符合我國推行的“上山下灘”政策,又有利于刺葡萄更加均衡地生長。

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