

摘" " 要:優質柚類新品種水蜜柚是從一個地方柚實生單株選育而來的。果實呈圓球形或扁圓形,果形指數0.81左右,平均單果質量977 g,果皮光滑,整齊度高,耐貯存。果肉黃綠色、汁多化渣,可食率達65%,全果出汁率51%,可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)11.2%,可滴定酸含量0.08%,維生素C含量28.2 mg·100 g-1。在湖南省常德市4月開花,11月底至12月初成熟。水蜜柚樹勢中庸,掛果后偏弱,需加強肥水管理,栽培管理的關鍵在于促根,對炭疽病較敏感,抗寒性較弱,冬季低溫需采取防寒措施,其他抗性與普通蜜柚類似。
關鍵詞:柚;新品種;水蜜柚;優質
中圖分類號:S666.3 文獻標志碼:A 文章編號:1009-9980(2023)09-2016-04
收稿日期:2023-04-23 接受日期:2023-07-30
基金項目:湖南省現代農業(水果)產業技術體系常德試驗站;常德市柚類工程技術研究中心(CD016-20210105-802772);常德市科技創新項目(CDKJJ20220275)
作者簡介:段慧,女,碩士,農藝師,主要從事柑橘育種與栽培研究。Tel:15873677960,E-mail:276682507@qq.com
*通信作者Author for correspondence. Tel:15873676126,E-mail:66765373@qq.com
Breeding of a new high-quality pomelo cultivar Shuimiyou
DUAN Hui1, 2, LU Yao1, 2*, LUO Binbin1, 2, LI Shuju1, 2, XIAO Liangchun3
(1Changde Institute of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Changde 415000, Hunan, China; 2Changde Experimental Station of Hunan Modern Agricultural (Fruit) Industry Technology System, Changde 415000, Hunan, China; 3Changde Guofeng Agricultural Development Co., Ltd, Changde 415000, Hunan, China)
Abstract: A new pomelo cultivar Shuimiyou originated from an individual seedling, which was found at Taoyuan County of Hunan province. It was initially selected in 2008 for its high-quality, low-acid, soft-flesh and high juice content. To further observe the propagation and characteristics of the cultivar, it was grafted and propagated in 2009. Through many years of investigation on botanical/biological characteristics and fruit quality during the citrus bearing seasons, this new cultivar showed excellent genetic stability and high fruit quality. After test of the distinctness, uniformity and stability, the new pomelo cultivar Shuimiyou was finally selected in 2018. It was registered by Changde Institute of Agriculture and Forestry and Changde Guofeng Agricultural Development Co., Ltd [GPD Citrus (2018) 430020]. The average fruit weight is 977 g. The longitudinal diameter and transverse diameter of the fruit are 14 mm and 17 mm, respectively. The shape of fruit is oblate or spherical, and the average fruit shape index is 0.81. The peel is yellow-green in color with a smooth surface. The thickness of pericarp is about 1.3 cm and the edible rate is up to 65% of the whole fruit. The juice extraction rate is as high as 79 percent. The soluble solid content (SSC) is 11.2%. The total sugar content is 3.24 g per 100 g juice. The titratable acid content is 0.08%. The ascorbic acid content is 28.2 mg per 100 g of fruit juice. The fruit of this cultivar can be stored for almost 6 months at room temperature in Changde city of Hunan province, and the annual supply can be basically realized under cold storage condition. Spring-growing shoots of Shuimiyou are sensitive to low temperature, resulting in curly leaves. There are hairs on immature fruit surface of Shuimiyou. The phenological period of Shuimiyou is slightly later than the ordinary pomelo varieties. The period of sprouting of spring bud is in March, flowering period is in mid-late April to early-mid May, and the full blossom period is in early May. The first physiological fruit drop period is in early-mid May, the second physiological fruit drop is in early-mid June, and the fruit ripening period is from late November to early December in Changde city of Hunan province. The tree has intermediate vigor and the main fruit-bearing shoots are sprouting in spring. The average yield with 6-10 years old trees reaches up to 2508 kg per 666.7 m2. After years of observation, it was found that the cold tolerance of Shuimiyou was poor. During the whole development stage, the lowest temperature cannot be less than -5 °C, and the lowest temperature at seedling stage cannot be less than -3 °C. In winter, chill-proof measures should be taken in northern area of Hunan. The tree vigor of Shuimiyou is moderate and it will become weak after fruiting. The cultivation should focus on promoting root growth and strengthening fertilizer and water management to ensure the balance between vegetative and reproductive growth.
Key words: Pomelo; New cultivar; Shuimiyou; Hight-quality
柚為蕓香科柑橘屬常綠喬木,果實即為柚子。中國既是主要的柚子生產國家,也是主要的消費國家。但目前市場上低酸型的柚類品種一般汁少,而汁多的品種一般含酸量較高或苦麻味明顯,缺少低糖、低酸、多汁的優質柚子品種。水蜜柚的選育很好地填補了這一市場空白,因其低糖、低酸、高固酸比、多汁、化渣等優異特性深受消費者喜愛。
1 選育過程
2008年,一個柑橘種植戶在湖南省常德市桃源縣漆河鎮發現一農戶家自產的實生柚子清甜低酸、風味獨特,隨后他向常德市農林科學研究院水果研究團隊咨詢,農林科學院研究團隊經研究,發現這是一個優質柚類地方種質資源。2009年,研究團隊對該資源進行高接擴繁,經2010—2012年對高接后群體的特征特性觀測、果實品質分析、豐產穩產性測定以及抗病性觀測,認為該資源確實表現優異,2013年開始小面積推廣種植。2017年,團隊邀請常德市農學會組織專家進行了現場測產評價,到會專家一致認為該資源果實風味獨特、低酸清甜、細嫩爽滑、汁多化渣、果形端正、表面光滑、性狀穩定、豐產穩產、耐貯存,是一個優良地方柚類新品系。2018年,常德市農林科學研究院與常德果豐農業有限公司合作登記了該品種,因其清甜、多汁的突出特性,特命名為水蜜柚(圖1),登記編號[GPD柑橘(2018)430020]。
2 品種特性
2.1 植物學特征
樹冠呈自然圓頭形,樹勢中庸,樹梢中等長、新梢平均長度21.5 cm,葉背有茸毛,枝條開展,刺無或極少。葉為單身復葉,闊披針形,葉基形狀楔形,尖端漸尖,翼葉中等大,倒三角形,葉脈明顯,長6~15 cm,寬2.5~8.0 cm,葉緣波狀,油胞點小,葉片揉破氣味較濃,幼葉淡綠。春梢對低溫敏感,葉片卷曲,夏梢秋梢生長正常。花白色,革質,花瓣4~5瓣,中等大,花粉囊呈黃色。果實8月底之前有茸毛,9月后逐漸褪去。
2.2 物候期
水蜜柚在湖南常德地區3月初萌芽,花期較分散,3月中下旬開始現蕾,4月中下旬至5月中上旬均有開花,盛花期相對集中在5月初,5月中上旬第1次生理落果,6月中上旬第2次生理落果。3月中下旬至5月下旬抽發春梢,5月下旬至8月上旬抽發夏梢。果實11月底至12月初成熟,按沈兆敏[1]的熟期分類方法,水蜜柚屬晚熟柚。
2.3 果實經濟性狀
水蜜柚果實圓球形或扁圓形,果頂無凹陷、無乳突,果基無放射性溝紋。果實橫徑約17 cm,縱徑約14 cm,整齊度好,果形指數0.81左右。單果質量977 g左右,可食率高達65%。果皮薄、較韌,平均厚度1.3 cm,黃色,油胞較密,微凸或平生。海綿層淺粉紅色,囊瓣腎形,平均13瓣左右,果實種子40粒左右。果肉黃綠色,囊瓣較薄,汁胞較大,多汁化渣,風味清甜,酸味極低,固酸比高,微苦,合理管理可減少苦味。可溶性固形物含量11.2%,可滴定酸含量0.08%,維生素C含量28.2 mg·100 g-1。水蜜柚果實較耐貯存,常溫可存放至翌年5月,低溫貯存時間更長(表1)。
2.4 生長結果習性
水蜜柚樹勢中庸,在湖南常德每年抽3次梢,春梢對低溫敏感,葉片卷曲,夏梢、秋梢生長正常。早果性能較好,管理到位第4年即可實現掛果,掛果后樹梢偏弱,需加強肥水管理。自花結實性好,畸形果稍多,須疏除。
2.5 抗性和適應性
水蜜柚抗潰瘍病,對炭疽病較敏感,其他病害抗性與普通蜜柚類似。較不耐低溫,小苗能承受的臨界低溫為-3 ℃,大樹能承受的臨界低溫為-5 ℃,在湖南常德冬季需覆蓋防寒。
3 栽培技術要點
3.1 定植
定植前重施基肥,改良土壤,起壟栽培。采取行距4.5~5.0 m、株距2.5~3.0 m的定植密度。宜采用大苗移栽,栽植2~3年生無病毒容器大苗,移栽第2~3年即可結果,以縮短成園期,提早結果。
3.2 整形修剪
標準樹形為自然圓頭形,幼年樹宜輕剪,定植后適當調整樹梢生長方向、長度、密度,修剪多在生長季完成。大量結果后著重減去較多的隱蔽枝、病蟲枝、交叉枝,回縮衰老枝組、疏除密生枝,控制花量、提高花質。重點培養春梢和早秋梢結果,及時抹除夏梢,提高坐果率,放早秋梢,增加下一年的結果枝基數量。
3.3 促花促果
采取前期保果、后期疏果的辦法,既保證有一定的坐果量,又保證較高的品質[4]。在開花坐果期,多次噴施磷酸二氫鉀、氨基酸等有機營養保花保果,盡量不噴九二〇等生長激素,以免增厚果皮,影響果實品質。在果實膨大期,根據樹勢確定樹體負載量,及時疏除不正常的小果、畸形果和粗皮大果,保證果實良好的商品性。
3.4 土肥水管理
水蜜柚樹勢中庸,掛果后偏弱,在栽培中應著重促根,加強肥水管理,以保證營養生長和生殖生長平衡。全年施肥以壯果肥和采果肥為主,肥料以腐熟有機肥和水果專用肥為主,壯果肥在7月施用,采果肥在采收后施用。除了充分保障樹體需要,還需重點改善土壤條件,可通過施用生物菌有機肥、黃腐酸等結合中耕松土促進根系生長。春季視不同樹勢適當追施速效肥促發新梢。6月應通過肥水管理控制夏梢抽生,減少落果。夏季雨量大時及時排水,防止裂果。夏秋季干旱時應及時灌水防旱。
3.5 病蟲害防治
水蜜柚對炭疽病敏感,其他病害抗性與普通蜜柚類似。病蟲害防治應重視冬季清園,每年12月至次年2月,對樹體進行整形修剪,使樹體通風透光,樹形結構合理。同時將病蟲枝、枯枝清理掉并及時處理,減少病源基數。12月用石硫合劑噴1次、次年2月噴波爾多液1次進行清園。
平時還應注意潰瘍病、砂皮病、潛葉蛾、紅蜘蛛、柑橘大食蠅等病蟲害的防治,注意統防統治。
3.6 冬季防寒
經過多年觀測,水蜜柚對低溫的抵抗力較差。2018年底2019年初常德市遭受多年不遇的低溫,柑橘遭受嚴重凍害,水蜜柚也受凍嚴重。但因水蜜柚品質極佳,2019年至2022年,不斷有種植戶和投資者種植,不少種植戶對水蜜柚冬季抗凍性認識仍然不足或抱僥幸心理,冬季未覆蓋防寒或覆蓋不及時等,導致受凍情況普遍發生。因此,水蜜柚在冬季低溫地區必須采取大棚設施栽培或簡易拱棚、立柱等覆蓋防寒布、遮陽網等防寒栽培方法,以確保水蜜柚冬季不受凍害,降低投資風險。
4 品種推廣前景
水蜜柚果實果形端正,整齊度高,果皮光滑,油胞細膩,商品性好,且耐貯存。果肉多汁,化渣性好,可溶性固形物含量12.0%,可滴定酸含量0.08%,固酸比高達150,具有低糖、低酸、高固酸比、多汁、化渣等優異特性。目前市場上低酸的柚類品種汁少,而汁多的品種一般含酸量較高,水蜜柚很好地填補了這一市場空白,消費者認可度極高。水蜜柚因優異的品質,被評為2022年度湖南省十大農作物優異種質資源,發展前景極好。
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