




摘" " 要:【目的】對新發現的荔枝雄性不育株系MS1進行鑒定,為后續研究利用奠定基礎?!痉椒ā恳岳笾π坌圆挥晗礛S1為研究材料,以雄性可育株系D13為對照,通過外觀比較、掃描電鏡觀察、研磨花藥鏡檢、花藥石蠟切片等方法對MS1株系雄性不育進行鑒定?!窘Y果】荔枝雄性不育株系MS1雄花數量少、個頭小、花藥瘦小、表面多凹陷、成熟后多不開裂、藥室內無花粉粒且自交無坐果。【結論】荔枝雄性不育株系MS1為無花粉型雄性不育。
關鍵詞:荔枝;雄性不育;花藥;花粉
中圖分類號:S667.1 文獻標志碼:A 文章編號:1009-9980(2023)09-1832-07
收稿日期:2023-04-14 接受日期:2023-05-11
基金項目:海南省自然科學基金(323QN294,320QN321);國家現代農業(荔枝龍眼)產業技術體系(CARS-32-17)
作者簡介:全振炫,男,研究實習員,碩士,研究方向為果樹栽培與生理。Tel:0759-2859112,E-mail:56323814@163.com
*通信作者 Author for correspondence. E-mail:wangyi30626@163.com;E-mail:lwc-619@163.com
Discovery and identification of litchi male sterile line MS1
QUAN Zhenxuan1, DONG Chen1, ZHENG Xuewen1, QIAN Yirong2, XU Yitian2, WANG Yi1*, LI Weicai1*
(1South Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruit Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhanjiang 524091, Guangdong, China; 2College of Tropical Crops, Yunnan Agricultural University, Pu’er 665099, Yunnan, China)
Abstract: 【Objective】 Male sterile line plays an important role in cross breeding and heterosis utilization of plants. In recent years, we discovered a new litchi male sterile line and named it MS1. In this study, we identified its sterile characters by various methods, so as to provide the foundation for the following research and use. 【Methods】 Using the grafted litchi male sterile line MS1 and male fertile line D13 as experimental materials. Using Sony α77 camera and self-made macro lens to take photos of flower organs, setting the same shooting distance and exposure to ensure the actual size and color were reflected. The different appearances of litchi male sterile line MS1 and the male fertile line D13 were analyzed. Using 1% safranine solution with 75% alcohol for anther staining. After staining, using 10% sucrose solution with distilled water to reduce the surface tension. Then the anthers were ground and observed under a microscope. The paraffin section was carried out for observation of the anther structure. The samples was dehydrated with 70%, 80%, 95% and 100% alcohol for 15 minutes each, then transparentized with xylene for 15 minutes twice, and an 8 μm permanent section was made. The microscope was used to magnify 100-200 times for observation and photography. The silicone dryer was used to dry the anthers for 72 hours, after coating and spraying gold, the samples were observed under the SEM. 1% sucrose solution was used to dissolve the prepared anther powder of D13 and MS1, MS1 female spikes were sprayed with the two solutions respectively and bagged up. The number of fruit setting was counted 30 days after the pollination. 【Results】 (1) In appearance, litchi male sterile line MS1 had a small number of male flowers, anthers, and its anther color was milky white, which could easily fall off without cracking. The number of anthers of MS1 was 4-6, while the number of anthers of D13 was 6-12. Occasionally some spikes of MS1 only come out with female flowers. A few anthers might crack when mature, but no pollen grains could be observed. The litchi fertile line D13 had a large number of male flowers and its anther color was faint yellow, which would easily cracke when mature and release a large amount of pollen; (2) Under the SEM, the female and male anthers of the litchi male sterile line MS1 were thin and small, with many sunken surfaces, and most of them did not crack when mature. The anther chambers of the litchi male fertile line D13 cracked when mature where there were a large number of pollen grains; (3) After aniline safranine staining, no pollen grains were found in the anther grinding fluid of the litchi male sterile line MS1, while a large number of different color of pollen grains were found in the anther grinding fluid of the litchi male fertile line D13; (4) Paraffin sections showed that there was no pollen grain in the anther chamber of the litchi male sterile line MS1, with normal epidermis, endothecium and vascular bundle, and the anther chamber formed a cavity and did not crack when mature. The litchi fertile line D13 had normal epidermis, endothecium, and vascular bundle. The Pollen grains were released from the cracking stomium of the anther chamber when mature; (5) The litchi male sterile line MS1 had a failure in fruiting with self-pollination, while litchi male sterile line MS1 had normal fruit setting (8.2 fruits of each spike averagely) when it was pollinated with the pollens of the litchi male fertile line D13. 【Conclusion】 Compared with the normal fertile line, litchi male sterile line MS1 was a male sterile of pollen-free with normal epidermis, endothecium and vascular bundle, and its anther chamber formed a cavity and did not crack when mature.
Key words: Litchi; Male sterile; Anther; Pollen
荔枝是起源于我國云南的常綠果樹,已有2000多年的種植記載歷史[1]。近30年來,國內育成荔枝新品種38個,這些品種多為從資源普查期間的實生系和營養系的擴繁而來[2]。但該選種方法周期長、效率低,目前已進入瓶頸期,這也促進了各地陸續開展規?;斯るs交育種工作[3],雜種優勢的利用逐漸得到人們的重視。
雄性不育種質在雜種優勢利用中有重要地位。荔枝是雌雄同株的異花授粉作物,有明顯的“雄花-雌花-雄花”分批開放的現象[4]。在雜交育種中,常用乙烯利減少雄花配合人工剔除的方法進行荔枝去雄[5],劑量不僅難以精準控制,而且費時費力,工作效率不高。利用雄性不育材料進行雜交育種,不僅能免去繁雜的去雄操作,得到真雜種的概率也更高。但是,荔枝雄性不育種質目前未見報道。筆者前期在育種材料中發現了一個花藥徹底敗育(無花粉)的荔枝雄性不育株系,暫命名為MS1。荔枝雄性不育株系MS1易成花、特早熟、單性結實能力強,有彌補市面上早熟、無核荔枝果品空白的潛力。筆者在本研究中參照前人在其他作物上使用的方法[6-10],對荔枝雄性不育株系MS1進行鑒定,為研究荔枝雄性不育材料奠定良好開端,為后續研究利用打下基礎。
1 材料和方法
1.1 植物材料
試驗所用材料來源于中國熱帶農業科學院南亞熱帶作物研究所荔枝種植資源圃。荔枝雄性不育株系MS1樹齡5~10 a,生長良好。剪取MS1接穗,嫁接到廣東廣州、陽江的試驗基地進行區域試驗。選取與荔枝雄性不育株系MS1物候期相近的荔枝雄性可育株系D13作為對照,樹齡5~10 a,生長良好。
1.2 顯微鏡檢方法
摘取D13和MS1株系新鮮荔枝花穗,帶回實驗室后,選取雌花柱頭開裂、雄花花朵開放(花蜜分泌)階段的花器官,用鑷子將花藥剝離,加入適量無菌水和苯胺番紅溶液搗碎,在顯微鏡下觀察。
1.3 掃描電鏡觀察方法
摘取D13和MS1株系新鮮荔枝花穗,帶回實驗室后,選取雌花柱頭開裂、雄花花朵開放(花蜜分泌)階段的花器官,將花藥剝離,置入硅膠干燥器干燥72 h后,將其轉移至貼有導電膠的銅臺上,真空鍍膜噴金,用掃描電鏡拍照。
1.4 石蠟切片方法
新鮮荔枝花器官摘下后投入甲醛-乙酸-乙醇(formaldehyde-acetic acid-ethanol,FAA)固定液中固定24 h以上,經脫水、透明、浸蠟、包埋、切片、展片、脫蠟、染色和封片等常規制片程序處理后,制成荔枝花器官永久切片,用于觀察拍照。
1.5 雜交授粉方法
摘取新鮮荔枝花穗,帶回實驗室后,選取雄花花絲伸長至最長、花朵開放(花蜜分泌)階段的花器官,將花藥剝離,盡量去除花絲、花柄等雜質,30 ℃鼓風干燥12 h后,過0.075 mm篩網,收集下層物質溶于1%(w,后同)蔗糖溶液,再經0.075 mm篩網過濾后,噴施于柱頭剛裂開的母本花穗并套袋。
2 結果與分析
2.1 荔枝雄性可育株系D13和雄性不育株系MS1花器官外觀特征
對荔枝雄性可育株系D13和雄性不育株系MS1雌、雄花器官進行觀察比較。荔枝雄性可育株系D13雌、雄花藥呈淡黃色,雄花器官大、數量多、花絲長且花藥數量多(6~12個),花朵開放(花蜜分泌)后雄花花藥逐漸褐變、開裂,裂口處可見大量金黃色花粉粒(圖1-A~B);荔枝雄性不育株系MS1雌、雄花藥呈乳白色,雄花器官小、數量少、花絲短且花藥數量少(4~6個)(圖1-a~b),該特征符合植物雄性不育一般特征。值得注意的是,荔枝雄性不育株系MS1絕大多數雄花花藥發育至花朵開放階段(花蜜分泌)仍為乳白色,不開裂,此時雄花即脫落,極少數提前發育的花藥可褐變并開裂,但裂口處未見花粉粒。
2.2 荔枝雄性可育株系D13和雄性不育株系MS1花藥研磨液顯微鏡觀察
對荔枝雄性可育株系D13和雄性不育株系MS1花藥進行染色、研磨。荔枝雄性可育株系D13花藥研磨液中可見大量顏色深淺不一的花粉粒和組織碎片(圖2-A);荔枝雄性不育株系MS1花藥研磨液中未見花粉粒,僅可見組織碎片(圖2-B)。
2.3 荔枝雄性可育株系D13和雄性不育株系MS1花藥掃描電鏡觀察
對荔枝雄性可育株系D13和雄性不育株系MS1雌、雄花藥進行掃描電鏡觀察。荔枝雄性可育株系D13雄花花藥飽滿、表面紋理平整光滑,花藥成熟后藥室現裂口,可見大量花粉粒(圖3-A);荔枝雄性可育株系D13雌花花藥飽滿、表面紋理平整光滑,成熟后花藥不開裂(圖3-B);荔枝雄性不育株系MS1雄花花藥瘦小、表面紋理不光滑且凹陷多,成熟后花藥不開裂(圖3-a);荔枝雄性不育株系MS1雌花花藥瘦小、表面紋理不光滑、凹陷多,花藥與花絲不易脫離,成熟后花藥不開裂(圖3-b)。
2.4 荔枝雄性可育株系D13和雄性不育株系MS1花藥石蠟切片觀察
對荔枝雄性可育株系D13和雄性不育株系MS1成熟雄花花藥(花絲伸長到花朵開放階段)進行石蠟切片,觀察結構差異。荔枝雄性可育株系D13雄花花藥成熟后,藥室逐漸開裂,藥室內大量花粉粒從裂口處釋放(圖4-A);荔枝雄性可育株系D13雄花花藥成熟后,藥室形成空腔,未見花粉粒,花藥不開裂(圖4-B)。
2.5 雄性不育株系MS1作為母本搭配不同父本坐果情況
按照常規采粉和授粉的方法,采集荔枝雄性可育株系D13和雄性不育株系MS1成熟花藥,烘干后過篩,溶于1%蔗糖溶液后向荔枝雄性不育株系MS1雌花盛開階段的花穗噴施后套袋,30 d后進行比較。噴施自身雄花花藥溶液進行自交的MS1花穗,無坐果(圖5-A);噴施D13花粉溶液進行雜交的MS1花穗,坐有大量小果(圖5-B)。
3 討 論
雄性不育資源在雜種優勢利用中有重要地位。新的雄性不育資源的發現,為研究和理解遺傳進化提供了重要材料[11]。一直以來,前人在荔枝雌花敗育[12]、乙烯誘導雄花敗育[13]、花性分化[13-15]等多個方面均進行了相似的研究,但鑒于理想的材料一直未見報道,許多研究無法深入推進。荔枝雄性不育株系MS1,是荔枝花發育領域研究和育種工作的重要材料。筆者以該株系為母本,培育了一批實生子一代群體,根據以往經驗,其子一代應具有相當比例的育性保持或分離的植株,這為后續關鍵基因克隆及新的荔枝雄性不育材料的創制、研究和利用打下了必要的理論和實踐基礎。
值得一提的是,筆者發現的荔枝雄性不育株系MS1是較為理想的花藥敗育材料,其不僅徹底敗育(無花粉),還以多種方式體現了雄花失能。一是雄花數量少;二是雄花花藥數量少(4~6個),雄性可育株系雄花花藥數量為6~12個;三是MS1雄花花藥發育至末期不變色、開裂,花柄易脫落,而對照雄性可育株系D13雄花花藥在發育至末期變色、開裂,花柄不易脫落,持續散粉1~2 d。筆者還發現該株系在廣東廣州、陽江均表現為無花粉型雄性不育,說明其不育性狀穩定,在粵中、粵西地區自然氣候條件下育性不受影響,但其育性是否可通過溫光調控進行轉換有待進一步確認。
除在基礎研究方面的重要意義外,荔枝雄性不育株系MS1還存在一定應用價值,其成花需冷量低、特早花且有單性結實能力,花期只需套袋配合保果措施即可得到完全無核的荔枝果實,有填補市面上早熟、無核荔枝果品空白的潛力,但由于單性結實無核荔枝果實未經受精授粉,果實易脫落,配套的生產栽培技術尚需進一步研發。
4 結 論
荔枝雄性不育株系MS1在廣東湛江本地表現無花粉型雄性不育,其雄花數量少、個頭小、花藥瘦小、表面多凹陷、成熟后多不開裂且藥室內無花粉粒,符合植物雄性不育的一般特征,不育性狀在本地自然栽培條件下多年表現穩定,是較為理想的研究利用材料。
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