付雙樂 任美娜 劉林平



關鍵詞:方言能力;雇傭關系;工具變量;家政工
摘 要:在以往關于雇傭關系的社會學研究中,很少有學者將文化因素納入分析;而語言學則往往將方言這一重要的文化載體作為因變量,探討影響方言的社會因素。本研究拓展了既有理論視角,將方言作為重要解釋變量,探討其對雇傭關系的作用機制。利用2019年家政工人專項調查數據,使用工具變量法,考察工作城市方言能力對雇傭關系滿意度的影響。結果發現:克服內生性問題后,工作城市方言越好的家政工對雇傭關系越滿意。這表明,工作城市方言能力對雇傭關系滿意度具有顯著的促進作用,且結果具有穩健性。
中圖分類號:F249.26文獻標識碼:A文章編號:1001-2435(2023)01-0048-10
The Power of Language: The Impact of Dialect Skills on Employment Relationships
FU Shuang-le1,REN Mei-na2,LIU Lin-ping2(1.School of Elderly Care Services and Management, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine,Nanjing,210023,China; 2.School of Social and Behavior Sciences,Nanjing University,Nanjing,210023,China)
Keywords: dialect ability; employment relationship; instrumental variable; domestic worker
Abstract: In previous sociological studies on employment relationship,few scholars have incorporated cultural factors into the analysis; Linguistics often uses dialect which is an important cultural factor as a dependent variable to explore the social factors affecting dialect. This study expands the existing theoretical perspective,using dialects as important explanatory variables,and exploring the mechanism of its impact on employment relationship. In this paper,the survey data of the domestic workers in 2019 and the CMP estimation method were used,we investigate the influence of the dialect ability on the employment relationship satisfaction between female domestic workers and employers. It was found that after overcoming the endogenous problem,the better the domestic dialect of the working city dialect,the more satisfied the employment relationship. It shows that the dialect ability of the working city has a significant promotion effect on the satisfaction of the employment relationship,and the results are robust; the number of working days per week and the working city are also important factors that affect the satisfaction of the employment relationship.
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一、引 言
語言是人類最重要的交際工具。“勞動分工以及人類社會按分工原則進行活動,都依靠語言。”1傳統的語言學研究不太涉及語言的社會功能,現代語言學研究不囿于語言本身,而是轉向了社會語言學或語言社會學的廣闊領域。語言具有地域性,表現為方言。“地域方言是語言的地域變體。”1方言對于大多數人來說是母語,它具有兩種基本功能:其一,對于講同一種方言的人而言,彼此之間的理解更為準確,更少歧義;其二,方言帶有濃郁的地方文化特性,具有天然的親近性。如果要進一步探索,方言可能具有十分廣泛和重要的社會功能。但可惜的是,“方言學基本上不與語言學以外的人文學科相關連”。2
本文從社會學的研究視角出發,力圖拓展對于方言社會功能的研究。和經濟學不同,本文不僅僅將語言(方言)能力視為一種人力資本,只是研究其經濟效益;和語言學(方言學)不同,本文也不是細致分析家政工的方言能力和差異,而是把它作為一個解釋變量,探討它對雇傭關系的影響。
一般來說,家政工和家庭雇主的關系盡管是一種工作關系,但它具有全方位接觸、涉及家庭隱私和難以劃定標準的特點。另外,不少研究者將家政服務視為一種情感勞動。因而,在這種工作或服務關系中,就必然涉及文化因素。而方言正是一種文化載體。故將方言能力作為一種關鍵的解釋變量,正是契合了家政服務的特點。