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新人教版高中英語教材中英語習(xí)語的歸納分類 和詞義猜測策略

2023-05-30 10:48:04胡洋
廣東教育·高中 2023年1期
關(guān)鍵詞:英文教材英語

胡洋

英語習(xí)語的英文單詞寫作“idiom”, 它的英文釋義是“a group of words whose meaning is different from the meanings of the individual words. ”即一般指那些蘊含的意義往往不能從詞組中單個詞的意思推測而得的具有特定形式的詞組。不論是哪一種語言,都有著豐富的習(xí)語表達(dá),它們不僅是語言的精華,更是文化的載體,具備鮮明的文化內(nèi)涵。2019新人教版高中英語教材中也不乏英語習(xí)語的身影,本文將會做一個梳理,同時針對習(xí)語給出幾個詞義猜測的策略,以期對高三同學(xué)們的復(fù)習(xí)備考有所幫助。

一、新人教版高中英語教材中英語習(xí)語的分類

(一)與飲食相關(guān)的習(xí)語

1. go bananas : to become extremely angry or ?excited 發(fā)怒;?發(fā)瘋

教材原句:I worried about my weight and tried every new diet I read about online. I tried no-fat, low-fat, 5:2, only bananas, no bananas—I almost went bananas, too. (必修1 U3)

我擔(dān)心我的體重并且試了在網(wǎng)上看到的每一個新節(jié)食方案。我嘗試了無脂肪、低脂肪、5:2飲食法(一周有五天正常飲食,兩天(不連續(xù))以減肥為目的控制飲食)、只吃香蕉、不吃香蕉——我也幾近瘋狂。

2. rolling in dough: to be exceptionally wealthy 非常有錢的

教材原句:Anderson may be young but hes certainly rolling in dough.(選擇性必修2 U3)

安德森可能年輕,但他是個名副其實的土豪。

3. bring home the bacon: to earn ones living to support a family養(yǎng)家糊口

教材原句:As the person to bring home the bacon, he needs to find a stable job.(選擇性必修2 U3)

作為一個養(yǎng)家糊口的人,他需要找一份穩(wěn)定的工作。

4. a hot potato: an issue that is hard to deal with 燙手的山芋

教材原句:The media reported that these companies had treated pollution as a hot potato. (選擇性必修2 U3)

媒體報導(dǎo)這些公司把污染看作一個棘手的問題。

5. a piece of cake: a very easy task or accomplishment 小菜一碟

教材原句:Dont worry about the test tomorrow. Its going to be a piece of cake! (選擇性必修2 U3)

不要擔(dān)心明天的測試。那會是小菜一碟。

6. as flat as a pancake: completely flat 完全平坦

教材原句:Its best to fold the swimming ring when it is as flat as a pancake.(選擇性必修2 U3)

當(dāng)游泳圈完全扁了的時候,最好是把它折疊起來。

小試牛刀:根據(jù)句意運用以上所學(xué)英文習(xí)語補全句子

1. Shell _____________when you tell her the news.

2. I hear her father is_____________ ???, so I wouldnt be too worried about her.

3. Now that I have a full-time job, Im_______________________ !

4. I thought I was going to fail the test, but it turned out to be_____________ ??!

5. He dropped the plan like __________?when he realized how much it would cost him.

6. Cycling around here is easy because the road is _____________??.

Answers: 1. go bananas?2. rolling in dough?3. bringing home the bacon 4. a piece of cake 5. a hot potato?6. as flat as a pancake

(二)與身體部位相關(guān)的習(xí)語

1. keep your eyes open (for)

to watch carefully for someone or something, often while you are doing something else留心;留意

教材原句:Yes, you got it well remembered! But keep your eyes open in history class next time.(必修2 U4 )

是的,你記牢了!但是下次在上歷史課時一定要留意?聽講。

2. pull ones leg

to persuade someone to believe something that is not true, as a joke開某人玩笑

教材原句:

Xiaokong: Sorry again, what does “pulling my leg” mean?

William: Oh, sorry, it means to joke with someone.(必修2 U4)

小孔:不好意思,請問“pulling my leg”是什么意思?

威廉:噢,不好意思,意思是“開某人玩笑”。

3. cost an arm and a leg : to be very expensive(使)花一大筆錢

教材原句:Tuition fees and living expenses are much more expensive than at home and could end up costing most families an arm and a leg. (選擇性必修2 U2)

學(xué)費和生活費比國內(nèi)貴很多,最后可能會花一大筆費用。

4. go hand in hand 密切相關(guān),齊頭并進

教材原句:What we can say, however, is that culture and cuisine go hand in hand, and if you do not experience one, you can never really know the other. (選擇性必修2 U3)

但是,我們可以確定的是,文化和美食這兩者息息相關(guān),如果你沒有體驗過其中的一個,你就永遠(yuǎn)無法真正了解另?一個。

5. take sbs breath away

to be extremely beautiful or surprising 令人驚嘆

教材原句:When the train arrived at the station, they took a taxi to Lake Louise, where the blue water literally took their breath away with its exceptional beauty. (選擇性必修2 U4)

火車到站后,她們乘坐出租車前往路易斯湖。那里湛藍(lán)的湖水美麗異常,攝人心魄。

6. out of shape

not in good physical condition健康狀況不好

教材原句:Sitting for long hours every day in an office for several years, Nancy Jones felt that she was getting out of shape and decided that she needed to get some exercise. (選擇性必修2 U5)

因為在辦公室久坐好幾年了,Nancy Jones感覺她健康狀況不好,決定做一些鍛煉。

小試牛刀:根據(jù)句意運用以上所學(xué)英文習(xí)語補全句子

1. I get out of breath when I run because Im ?.

2. Im sick of paying rent in this town. Its ?!

3. Did you see Kathys gorgeous new dress? It?.

4. While you are checking the animals,?any signs of disease.

5. Stop _____________ ???—you didnt have lunch with Bono!

6. There is no doubt that poverty and poor health often _____________ ?.

Answers: 1. out of shape?2. costing me an arm and a leg?3. took my breath away 4. keep your eyes open for?5. pulling my leg?6. go hand in hand

(三)與希臘神話相關(guān)的習(xí)語

Achilles?heel

a small problem or ?weakness in a person or system that can result in failure 致命的弱點

教材原句:Excuse me, do you speak English? Im looking for the Confucius Temple, but Im not good at maps?--?theyre my Achilles?heel! (必修2 U4)

打擾一下,你說英文嗎?我正在找孔廟,但是我不是很擅長看地圖——這是我的短板。

拓展積累:

1. an apple of discord 不和的蘋果,意思是“爭斗之源,?禍根”

2. the apple of ones eye 掌上明珠

3. Pandoras box 潘多拉盒子,意為“災(zāi)難的根源”

4. the sword of Damocles 達(dá)摩克利斯之劍,意為“時刻存在的危險;富貴中隱藏的危險”

5. Helen of Troy 紅顏禍水

6. Trojan horse 特洛伊木馬,指“用于掩蓋真實意圖的人或事”

7. Greek gift圖謀害人的禮物;黃鼠狼給雞拜年,不安?好心

8. Damon and Pythias 生死之交

(四)與動物相關(guān)的習(xí)語

fish out of water :one who does not feel comfortable in a new environment 不得其所

教材原句:Really? Thats so kind! I need all the help I can get?--?Im like a fish out of water! (必修2 U4 History and Traditions)

真的嗎?太好啦!我需要所有的幫助——我就像一只離了水的魚,完全不知所措。

拓展積累:

1. rain cats and dogs 傾盆大雨

2. crocodile tears 鱷魚的眼淚,假慈悲

3. dead as a dodo 早已過時的,極其無趣的 (dodo指的是渡渡鳥,這種鳥生活在毛里求斯,不會飛,現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)滅絕,因此這個比喻非常恰當(dāng))

4. dog days 三伏天

(五)與動作相關(guān)的習(xí)語

1. make it獲得成功;準(zhǔn)時到達(dá)

2. work out 鍛煉;計算出;解決

3. make sense有道理;合乎情理;表述清楚

4. kill time消磨時間

5. you name it只要你說得出來的

1/2 教材原句: Come and work out at a gym! Sweat your way to good health! You can make it!(必修1 U3)

來健身房鍛煉吧!出汗有益健康!你能做到的!

3 教材原句:That doesnt make any sense. (必修1 U3)一點都說不通。

4/5教材原句:

Liu Qian: What do you do to kill time there?

Anna: Oh, you name it?…??skiing, hiking, camping. But also city things: movies or restaurants on the weekends, for example. So is this your first long train journey? (選擇性必修2 U4)

二、如何有效猜測英語習(xí)語的意思

(一)根據(jù)上下文猜測

任何詞義的猜測都離不開上下文,習(xí)語也不例外。若想借助上下文對需要猜測的習(xí)語進行合乎邏輯的推測,可利用以下方法:

1. 根據(jù)近義或并列關(guān)系進行猜測

上下文中有時會用不同方式但相近意思去描述同一個東西,這個時候可以通過近義或并列關(guān)系來猜測習(xí)語意思,例如:

【2018奉賢二模】

Breathtaking scenery and famous sights everywhere. From the legendary Island of Capri to the haunting ruins of Pompeii, and from the unforgettable “Amalfi Drive” to the delightful resorts of Positano, Sorrento and Ravello, the area is a feast for the eyes! Should you choose to join us, we know that you will not be disappointed!

Q: The underlined part “the area is a feast for the eyes” in the passage means __________ .

A. the area is pleasing to the eye

B. the area is really unforgettable

C. the area catches the tourists?eye

D. the area is crowded with tourists

【近義線索】根據(jù)上下文,我們可以從“Breathtaking scenery and famous sights everywhere.”這句話得出這是個景色攝人心魄,而且名勝無處不在的地方,所以可以猜測得出“the area is a feast for the eyes”指的就是A“這個地方令人賞心悅目。”故選A。

2. 根據(jù)因果關(guān)系進行猜測

在一篇閱讀文章中,根據(jù)原因可以預(yù)測結(jié)果,根據(jù)結(jié)果也可以找出原因。

(2019全國卷B篇)

I guess that theres probably some demanding work schedule, or social anxiety around stepping up to help for an unknown sport. She may just need a little persuading. So I try again and tug at the heartstrings. I mention the single parent with four kids running the show and I talk about the dad coaching a team that his kids arent even on… At this point the unwilling parent speaks up, “Alright. Yes, Ill do it.”

Q: What does the underlined phrase “tug at the heartstrings” in paragraph 2 mean?

A. Encourage team work.

B. Appeal to feelings.

C. Promote good deeds.

D. Provide advice.

【因果線索】由“so”可知,出題句和前一句是形成了因果關(guān)系。前一句“She may just need a little persuading.(她可能只是需要一些勸說)”推斷出后面作者肯定是在勸說她,那會發(fā)現(xiàn)好像B/D兩個選項都可以,再根據(jù)后面的具體內(nèi)容可得知并不是在給建議,而是在舉例通過煽情來勸說對方,于是可以鎖定B選項,意為“煽情”。

3. 根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系進行猜測

根據(jù)上下句的連接詞,如but,however,otherwise等可知上下句存在轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,從而依據(jù)某一句的含義,來確定另一句的含義。

Early in the day, with higher energy levels, people tend to make practical choices and would find one breakfast they liked and then eat the same thing over again. But as the day progresses, and a persons energy waxes and wanes, the importance of practical goals declines.

【轉(zhuǎn)折線索】這個句子出自于一篇名為Breakfast: Sameness or Variety?的外刊文章,通過上下文我們來猜猜wax and wane這個習(xí)語是什么意思。這里要抓住but這個轉(zhuǎn)折詞,再找到關(guān)鍵詞energy,前文說higher energy levels (精力比較充足的階段),那可以預(yù)判轉(zhuǎn)折詞后,隨著一天的過去,人的精力會越來越弱。wax and wane是一個習(xí)語,意為“to grow stronger and then weaker again”, 即“興衰枯榮,盛衰;陰晴圓缺”。例如:

As people have sorrows and joys, meeting or parting /as the moon waxes and wanes in clear or cloudy skies. (人有悲歡離合,月有陰晴圓缺)

(二)同義習(xí)語借用法

“Our main finding is that we show that for this specific lake, the spillover risk increases with the melting of glaciers. Were not crying wolf.” says Lemieux.

Q: What does Lemieux mean by saying “Were not crying wolf.”?

A. The virus spillover will happen with glacier melting.

B. Viruses wont spread widely due to lack of bridge.

C. Scientists have made great efforts in preventing viruses.

D. There is no need to worry about the viruses in the Arctic.

cry wolf 字面意思“狼嚎”, 但在英語表達(dá)中和中國的寓言故事“狼來了”類似,發(fā)假消息或錯誤信息,也可指“亂說話”。“Were not crying wolf.”中文意思是“我們不是在喊狼來了”,用來表示所說的話并不是危言聳聽,結(jié)合劃線句前“Our main finding is that we show that for this specific lake, the spillover risk increases with the melting of glaciers.(我們的主要發(fā)現(xiàn)是,對于這個特定的湖泊,病毒溢出的風(fēng)險隨著冰川的融化而增加)”可知,Lemieux說這句話表達(dá)的意思是隨著冰川的融化,病毒外溢的風(fēng)險在增加,這不是危言聳聽。故選A。

所以在翻譯習(xí)語時,有一種方法叫做同義習(xí)語借用法,也就是說中英兩種語言無論內(nèi)容形式,表達(dá)情感都存在部分習(xí)語有著類似的比喻。在英漢翻譯時,我們往往直接借用,如“walls have ears”與“隔墻有耳”,雖存在差異,但字義巧妙吻合,令借用后的英語翻譯相得益彰。類似的習(xí)語還有我們上文提到過的a hot potato, 正好和我們中文的“燙手的山芋”是同義習(xí)語,所以在課堂上,學(xué)生是比較能理解這一類習(xí)語的,又例如“l(fā)ove me, love my dog”,可對應(yīng)中文習(xí)語“愛屋?及烏”。

(三)多閱讀積累

By consciously introducing variation into weekday ?breakfasts-?even if it means a little extra work-breakfast can become more enjoyable, which helps set a more positive tone for the day, Cadario said. “After all, variety is the spice of life, ”he added.

Variety is the spice of life是一句英文諺語,釋義為a variety of different activities, interests, places or people in your life makes it more enjoyable, 現(xiàn)譯為“生活有百味,人生才有美味”,其中spice意為“調(diào)料,調(diào)味品”。該諺語源自英國詩人威廉·柯珀(William Cowper)1785年的詩作The Task,原句是Variety is the very spice of life, that gives it all its flavor.

其實英文中有一部分習(xí)語是源自于希臘神話和一些著名文學(xué)作品,所以如果經(jīng)常閱讀西方經(jīng)典原著以及希臘神話故事,有助于我們積累并學(xué)習(xí)一些常用的英文習(xí)語。

三、總結(jié)

綜上所述,新人教版教材里面的習(xí)語主要可以分為和食物相關(guān)的、與身體部位相關(guān)的、與希臘神話相關(guān)的、與動物相關(guān)的以及動詞詞組這五大部分。因為習(xí)語是一種語言隨著歲月沉淀下來的精華,所以其中涵蓋了許多文化色彩,多了解英文習(xí)語也能更好地幫助我們了解西方歷史與文化,提升英語學(xué)科核心素養(yǎng)里面的文化意識;同時習(xí)語詞義猜測也是高考閱讀的典型題型之一,通過根據(jù)上下文猜測、同義習(xí)語借用法以及多閱讀積累這幾種方法,我相信,以后英文習(xí)語對我們來說就會是a piece of cake了。

責(zé)任編輯?吳昊雷

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