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蠶絲基葡萄糖傳感器研究進展

2023-07-04 22:36:52王怡汪宇佳陳方春王雅思代方銀李智
絲綢 2023年3期

王怡 汪宇佳 陳方春 王雅思 代方銀 李智

摘要: 葡萄糖傳感器是糖尿病人監控血糖濃度的必備工具?;谌嵝曰组_發可用于實時監測的柔性葡萄糖傳感器是近年來研究的熱點,也是未來應用發展的重要方向。蠶絲具有優異的力學性能、生物相容性及生物可降解性,以蠶絲及蠶絲蛋白與導電活性物質復合開發的柔性葡萄糖傳感器展現出優異的傳感性能及出色的長期穩定性。本文通過對基于絲蛋白、絲纖維、蠶絲織物開發的蠶絲基葡萄糖傳感器的研究進展進行綜述,對比所開發的蠶絲基葡萄糖傳感器的傳感性能,分析其特點及作用機制,并展望蠶絲基葡萄糖傳感器在柔性可穿戴傳感器領域的發展前景。

關鍵詞: 蠶絲;絲素蛋白;蠶絲織物;葡萄糖傳感器;葡萄糖氧化酶;柔性電子器件

中圖分類號: TS141.8

文獻標志碼: A

文章編號: 1001-7003(2023)03-0008-08

引用頁碼:

031102

DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7003.2023.03.002(篇序)

糖尿病是由于體內胰島素分泌缺陷等原因所引起的慢性代謝疾病,其主要特征是血液或代謝液中的葡萄糖濃度較高,當空腹血糖超過7 mM即可診斷為糖尿病。國際糖尿病聯合會2021年發布數據顯示,全球糖尿病患者總數為5.37億,約占總數的10.5%。其中,中國糖尿病的患者人數約占1/4(數據來自IDF Diabetes Atlas)?;颊唛L期處于高血糖狀態易引起一系列的急性并發癥,嚴重情況下甚至會誘發器官衰竭而導致死亡。作為一種慢性疾病,糖尿病尚無有效治愈方法,目前主要治療手段是通過血糖監測,及時給藥或注射胰島素以達到降血糖的目的。因此,實時準確血糖監測手段對于糖尿病診斷及治療至關重要。

葡萄糖傳感器可快速監測血液和汗液中葡萄糖的指數,是糖尿病患者日常監測血糖的必備工具。葡萄糖傳感器分為酶式葡萄糖傳感器和非酶葡萄糖傳感器兩大類。酶式葡萄糖傳感器開發最早,其中應用最廣泛的酶是葡萄糖氧化酶

(GOD),通過利用GOD對葡萄糖的特異性結合,催化葡萄糖氧化為葡萄糖酸內酯和過氧化氫,從而實現對葡萄糖的高選擇性檢測。早在1967年,Updike等[1]率先開發出基于GOD的酶電極,隨后在不斷增長的醫療保健需求推動下,基于GOD的葡萄糖傳感器得以快速發展,目前商業上應用廣泛的指刺式血糖儀便為其代表。非酶葡萄糖傳感器則是利用葡萄糖與酶以外的活性物質發生化學反應,使電位發生變化從而實現對葡萄糖的定量檢測。常用的活性物質有Pt[2-5]、Au[6]、Pd[7]、Ni[8]、Cu[9-11]、Co[12]、Mn[13]、Fe[14-16]等金屬及其氧化物,碳納米管[17-19]、石墨烯[20-21]等碳活性材料。

基于傳感機制的變化,酶式葡萄糖傳感器的開發主要經歷三代的發展[22],如圖1所示。第一代葡萄糖生物傳感器[23]通常依賴于GOD催化的葡萄糖由O2天然底物氧化,并測量酶產生的過氧化氫產物或O2輔因子的消耗;第二代葡萄糖生物傳感器中用其他電子受體取代O2,利用各種有機和無機化合物作為電子穿梭媒介,其中二茂鐵衍生物和鐵氰化物[24]絡合物由于具有較低的操作電位和高化學穩定性,應用較為普遍;第三代葡萄糖生物傳感器在電極和葡萄糖氧化酶之間直接進行電子轉移,是一種理想化的傳感器,無需外加氧氣等媒介體,極大地降低了干擾,具有更快的電子傳輸速率[25],但這類葡萄糖傳感器仍處于研究階段。

近年來,隨著智能可穿戴器件的快速發展,為生物傳感器的開發及應用提出新的要求及高度,柔性可穿戴、可實時監測和高穩定性成為葡萄糖傳感器應用發展的重要方向,成為近年來研究的熱點。紡織材料由于其廣泛的來源,良好的柔韌性及可加工性,是柔性智能可穿戴電子器件開發的理想載體。其中,具有悠久紡織應用歷史的蠶絲,其優異的力學性能、生物相容性、可降解性及易于加工特性而獲得廣泛的認可,被應用到柔性葡萄糖傳感器的開發及應用研究[26-27]。

本文旨在總結和展望蠶絲材料在葡萄糖傳感器領域的應用,從蠶絲在傳感器領域的主要應用形態出發,重點討論蠶絲基葡萄糖傳感器的研究進展,以蠶絲織物和絲素蛋白兩種主要形式將蠶絲基葡萄糖傳感器進行分類。分別討論了天然蠶絲纖維、蠶絲織物、碳化蠶絲織物及絲素膜、絲素紡絲纖維材料在葡萄糖傳感器領域的應用,并對它們的制備方法、傳感性能進行簡要分析。同時,對近年來利用蠶絲基制備的葡萄糖傳感器的相關性能進行比較。最后,對蠶絲基葡萄糖傳感器在柔性可穿戴領域的挑戰及未來發展方向進行了展望,以期能為設計和研究更多類似的開發高性能蠶絲基柔性葡萄糖傳感器提供參考。

1 蠶絲性能

蠶絲是由蠶絲腺合成的絲蛋白液通過吐絲結繭凝固而形成的連續長纖維,具有輕、柔、韌、潔、光的特點,享有“纖維皇后”的美譽。蠶絲內部大量的β-折疊構象及其高取向度賦予其優異的力學性能,其良好的生物相容性和生物可降解性能更是其從傳統紡織領域拓展到生物醫學領域研究及應用的關鍵。蠶絲纖維表面豐富的胺基(—CHNH)、氨基(—NH2)、羧基(—COOH)等活性基團可用作制備復合材料的橋梁[28]。通過浸軋、抽濾或直接碳化的方法可以在蠶絲纖維及織物基礎上制備出具有導電性能的蠶絲基材料,組裝出電極、壓力傳感器及葡萄糖傳感器等柔性傳感器件[29]。此外,提取蠶絲中的絲膠和絲素成分,通過與導電物質復合紡絲、成膜、成膠等方法,可制備出具有電化學性能的蠶絲蛋白基復合材料,開發出蠶絲基柔性傳感器件[30]。

2 蠶絲基葡萄糖傳感器的開發及應用

2.1 基于蠶絲纖維、蠶絲絲織物的葡萄糖傳感器

天然蠶絲不具導電性,對不同外界刺激的敏感性、響應性和對溫濕度的自適應較弱。為構建蠶絲傳感器,需要通過表面涂層或自身碳化處理兩種方式制備成導電復合物,再通過負載酶或其他葡萄糖敏感材料,如金屬及其氧化物等,制備成葡萄糖傳感器(圖2)。賦予天然蠶絲導電性能通常有三個途徑:在蠶絲纖維或紗線表面涂覆導電物質;在蠶絲織物表面涂層或印刷導電物質;通過碳化蠶絲織物直接獲得導電性。

在蠶絲纖維或紗線上涂覆導電物質,再通過編織等方式可制備成柔性傳感器件。Choudhary等[31]首先將碳墨與鐵氰化鉀混合涂布到蠶絲紗線上,烘干后再涂覆GOD,形成導電性能良好每厘米電阻僅100 Ω的工作電極,再將制備的多個電極編織成織物,形成傳感器陣列。通過在經紗方向上使用脫膠(親水)和非脫膠真絲(疏水)的組合,可對單個傳感器中液體流動路徑進行控制,實現對血液中葡萄糖和血紅蛋白的有效檢測。由于蠶絲表面光滑,直接在蠶絲纖維或紗線上涂覆導電物質會有黏附性差而導致其結合效果不佳等的問題。為提高蠶絲表面與導電材料的相互作用,可通過對蠶絲表面進行前處理,以提高蠶絲和導電物質的結合效果。Ye等[32]利用特制的六氟異丙醇蝕刻蠶絲纖維表面而不破壞纖維的內部結構,再將碳納米管涂覆到刻蝕后的蠶絲表面,制備成具有高機械性能、超疏水性、耐溶劑性和熱敏感性的復合纖維,并進一步通過編織制備成對力、應變、溫度等敏感的蠶絲傳感器。通過制備導電蠶絲纖維或紗線,再編織成傳感器的方法通常具有較好的柔性及傳感性能[33-34],但工藝較復雜,且在編織的過程中容易導致導電涂層的脫落,影響傳感器的性能。通過單根紗線形成微流體通道進行液體傳輸,利用紗線將待測物轉移到檢測區,使顯色劑與葡萄糖發生比色反應顯示不同顏色,進而實現不同濃度葡萄糖的響應也是一種高效直觀的葡萄糖檢測方法,但目前針對織物類比色葡萄糖傳感器的研究還集中在棉紗及棉織物上[35-38],對于蠶絲方面還有待開發。盡管基于蠶絲纖維或紗線已開發出壓力、溫度、濕度等多種傳感器,但相應的葡萄糖傳感器還較少,如何在導電蠶絲纖維或紗線上進一步負載酶或葡萄糖響應材料從而開發出葡萄糖傳感器還有待于更深入的探索及研究。

蠶絲織物表面進行涂層或印刷導電活性物質如碳基材料和導電聚合物等能獲得手感好、耐用性高、導電性能佳的傳感元件,再通過電化學沉積等方法負載葡萄糖響應材料可開發出柔性葡萄糖傳感器。圖2表示了基于蠶絲纖維、織物開發的葡萄糖傳感器的制備方法。Cai等[39-40]利用三元溶劑對蠶絲織物進行前處理,再將其浸漬于聚苯胺或還原氧化石墨烯分散液中,通過多次循環干燥復合,制備出具有超高電容保留率的多功能柔性蠶絲織物電極(圖2(a))。在此基礎上,再通過電化學沉積銅納米粒子制備成非酶葡萄糖傳感器,其靈敏度可達199.8 μA/mM(圖2(b),數據未發表)。研究表明,基于導電涂層的蠶絲織物開發的柔性葡萄糖傳感器具有較好的傳感性能及應用前景。

高溫碳化絲織物可使其熱分解轉化為碳材料,賦予其良好的導電性能,再通過負載葡萄糖敏感元件可開發出具有高靈敏度的葡萄糖傳感器。He等[41]利用不同碳化溫度下得到的蠶絲織物作為工作電極和對電極,負載GOD后制備為葡萄糖傳感器貼片,用于實時和多路汗液中的葡萄糖監測分析,其靈敏度為6.3 μA/mM,檢測下限低至5 μM(圖2(c))。當溫度足夠高時,蠶絲內部的β-微晶結構可轉化為納米級石墨化晶區,同時,蠶絲織物轉變為摻雜N元素,且具有高導電性及強柔韌性的紡織結構碳纖維制品。Chen等[42]將蠶絲織物浸漬多壁碳納米管分散液后高溫碳化,再通過鉑微球進行表面修飾后滴加GOD制備成葡萄糖傳感器。添加的碳納米管具有較大的接觸面積,在碳化蠶絲纖維間形成更穩定的連接,使開發的葡萄糖傳感器的靈敏度高達288.86 μA/mM,檢測下限低至0.05 mM。通過碳化蠶絲織物開發的葡萄糖傳感器相比于在蠶絲纖維或織物上涂覆導電物質所開發的葡萄糖傳感器具有更優異的傳感性能,這可能與導電基底的導電性能有關,良好的導電基底更有利于電子的傳輸,從而提升葡萄糖傳感器的性能[43]。

目前,盡管以蠶絲纖維、紗線或織物為基底開發制備葡萄糖傳感器的研究已有一定進展,但總體研究還較少,所使用的方法均較為復雜。制備獲得導電蠶絲復合物是開發葡萄糖傳感器的關鍵,也是難點,需要不斷探索及研究。此外,如何在導電蠶絲復合物上更穩定地負載GOD及具有葡萄糖響應的活性物質也有待更深入的研究。

2.2 基于絲素蛋白的葡萄糖傳感器

蠶絲主要由絲素蛋白(Silk fibroin,SF)和絲膠蛋白(Silk sericin,SS)組成,其中絲素蛋白約占蠶絲質量的70%~80%。通過脫膠溶解后提取得到的絲素蛋白是優異的天然蛋白材料[44]。絲素蛋白含有大量活性基團,易與葡萄糖氧化酶結合,用于固定及負載葡萄糖氧化酶。此外,基于絲素蛋白極易制備出纖維、膜、水凝膠等不同結構的材料,可開發出具有不同形態和功能的葡萄糖傳感器,如圖3所示。

Liu等[45]通過將絲素孵育得到絲素納米纖維(SFNFs),由于SFNFs具有更高結晶度,在納米纖維表面有大量殘基,因此,其具有更好的穩定性和更多的結合位點,有助于提高酶的固定效率。通過戊二醛將酶與SFNFs交聯形成多孔酶膜,再將其與納米鉑/石墨烯膜嵌合,制備成葡萄糖傳感器(圖3(a))。由于納米鉑/石墨烯復合膜表面的羥基和羧基能牢牢地與酶結合,所產生的多孔酶膜能提供更大的比表面積用于與反應物葡萄糖相互作用,該傳感器在2 μM~1 mM對葡萄糖具有良好的線性關系,靈敏度為31.02 μA/mM,且具有良好的循環重復性和長期穩定性(25 h)。Lu等[46]研究了包括GOD在內的三種具有不同物理和化學性質的酶在水溶性和不溶性絲素蛋白膜中的長期穩定性,分別從絲素結構的變化、膜中酶的空間分布及酶的變性/復性等方面探討這些體系中酶穩定性的機理(圖3(b)),結果表明絲素膜能在長達10個月的保存時間中保留75%的酶活性,且酶滲漏率僅為0.05%。這是由于絲素蛋白的結晶結構、豐富的氫鍵交聯網絡及絲素蛋白鏈與酶分子之間的疏水作用,可限制GOD鏈的流動性,從而提高酶的穩定性。研究表明,再生絲素蛋白是GOD的良好載體,是制備酶基葡萄糖傳感器的優異材料。Marquez等[47]通過將酶直接溶解在SF的水溶液中,干燥結晶成膜后直接用于葡萄糖的傳感測試,結果表明負載GOD的SF膜具備過濾血細胞的能力,通過SF基質與酶反應產生的分子反應可將葡萄糖測定的靈敏度提高2.5倍。其傳感機理主要是通過生物功能化的SF薄膜通過酶促反應對葡萄糖作出響應,其中的氧化還原介質與顯色物質形成的復合物呈現出不同的顏色,從而測試出不同的葡萄糖濃度(圖3(c))。Molinnus等[48]以SF溶液為基底,首先將其滴鑄在硅晶片上,利用薄膜技術沉積鉑后,滴涂GOD/牛血清白蛋白/戊二醛/甘油的混合溶液形成工作電極,再利用厚膜技術絲網印刷Ag/AgCl糊到絲素基材上制成參比電極,組裝形成柔性葡萄糖生物傳感器芯片。得益于天然絲素蛋白的特性,該傳感器具有優異的生物相容性和可降解性,電極10 d內就可完全降解。為更好地固定GOD,保護GOD活性,提升傳感器的性能,還可以在制備過程中加入酶穩定劑、聚合物、有機或無機功能納米材料。Zhao等[49]通過將SF/D-山梨醇復合材料和鉑、銀絲結合,再將GOD固定在微針集成鉑絲中,制備成新型微針葡萄糖生物傳感器系統,用于血糖的微創連續監測(圖3(d))。結果表明,GOD被固定在絲素/D-山梨醇基質中,表現出更好的穩定性,制備的傳感器具有低糖濃度下響應快、生理條件下易于讀數等優點,展示出1.7~10.4 mM葡萄糖的響應范圍及31.7 μA/mM的靈敏度。目前為止,基于絲素蛋白的葡萄糖傳感器還主要以絲素蛋白膜為主要載體,開發制備的傳感器的傳感性能與蠶絲織物為載體的傳感器的性能相比,無明顯差異(表1),導電活性物質的選擇及制備方法均會直接影響蠶絲基葡萄糖傳感器的傳感性能[26]。

現有研究表明,蠶絲纖維中的SF在從溶液到纖維的再折疊過程中,可以在介觀尺度上被重構/功能化,即通過添加功能材料參與SF分子的折疊來促進蠶絲功能化。簡單來說,就是通過在絲蛋白液中加入功能活性材料,利用養蠶添食法[50]、人工紡絲技術如濕法紡絲、干法紡絲、微流控紡絲、靜電紡絲[51-53]等制備出具有特殊尺寸和功能的絲素纖維。通過此方法引入導電活性物質可以開發出具有電化學功能的蠶絲纖維,進而開發出傳感器、執行器、光纖、發光纖維和能量收集器傳感器件,這也可能成為未來蠶絲基葡萄糖傳感器研究的重要方向。

3 結 語

蠶絲由于其出色的性能,可應用于柔性葡萄糖傳感器的研究,由簡單的蠶絲纖維、紗線到蠶絲織物,再到高性能碳化絲織物,由簡單的絲素蛋白到絲素膜,均可作為葡萄糖酶或葡萄糖響應物質的載體,所開發制備的葡萄糖傳感器展現出良好的傳感性能。但同時,葡萄糖氧化酶的固定率和穩定性不高、蠶絲與導電材料復合后的牢度差、絲素蛋白膜力學性能不佳等問題也直接影響到蠶絲基葡萄糖傳感器的綜合性能,還有待進一步解決。此外,蠶絲基葡萄糖傳感器的成本及維護也是應用發展前不容忽視的因素。目前對于蠶絲基葡萄糖傳感器的開發主要集中在對蠶絲蛋白膜和碳化蠶絲織物的整理上,對于以蠶絲纖維、織物本身為基底的研究還較少。通過養蠶添食法及紡絲技術制備的功能化蠶絲,也可以應用到蠶絲基葡萄糖傳感器的研究,這些都可能是未來蠶絲基葡萄糖傳感器研究的重要方向。總之,盡管蠶絲基葡萄糖傳感器的開發研究還處于起步階段,其應用前景不容忽視,未來發展值得期待。

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Research progress on silk-based glucose sensors

WANG Yi1, WANG Yujia1, CHEN Fangchun1b,c, WANG Yasi1b,c, DAI Fangyin1, LI Zhi1,2

(1a.State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology; 1b.College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences; 1c.Chongqing EngineeringResearch Center of Biomaterial Fiber and Modern Textile, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; 2.Key Laboratory ofFlexible Devices for Intelligent Textile and Apparel, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China)

Abstract:

Glucose sensors, as a tool for diabetics to monitor blood glucose, are of great significance in the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes. With the rapid development of flexible smart wearable devices, the development of glucose sensors based on flexible substrate has also gradually become a research hotspot. Silk has good biocompatibility, degradability and flexibility, its surface is rich in chemical bonds such as carboxyl, hydroxyl and amide bonds which can interact with active substances, and it is a good conductive substrate material. The flexible glucose sensor developed by using silk and silk fibroin as the substrate, and by being compounded with conductive active materials has excellent sensing performance and good long-term stability. This article aims to review the research progress of silk-based glucose sensors developed based on silk fibroin, silk fiber and silk fabric, analyze their characteristics and mechanism, and prospect their development tendency.

In order to fully understand the application of silk in the field of glucose sensors, this paper starts with the development of glucose sensors, and focuses on the research progress of silk-based glucose sensors on basis of two main kinds of silk and silk fibroin. We first introduced the characteristics and properties of silk, and discussed the application of silk yarns, silk fabrics and carbonized silk fabrics in the field of glucose sensors. Then, we summarized the application of fibroin films and spun fibers based on silk fibroin in the field of glucose sensors. By reviewing the preparation methods and sensing performance of various silk-based glucose sensors, we analyzed the role of silk in them, and summarized the effect of the silk substrate on the glucose sensing performance. It is hoped that this paper can provide a reference for the design and development of high-performance silk-based flexible glucose sensors. Glucose sensors based on silk fabrics have better mechanical properties, higher conductivity and sensitivity, while those made of silk fibroin have better biocompatibility and degradability. Finally, we compared and analyzed the sensitivity, response time, detection limit, advantages and disadvantages of the silk-based glucose sensors. In sum, in virtue of its good characteristics, silk has the excellent application value in the field of flexible glucose sensors, and the developed glucose sensors show good sensing performance, which can also keep the original flexibility and biocompatibility of silk and show good conductivity and ultra-high response to glucose molecules. However, the problems such as the poor fixation rate of silk fibroin to glucose oxidase, the poor mechanical properties of silk fibroin films, and the weak binding between silk fabric and conductive materials still need to be solved urgently. In addition, the cost and maintenance of silk-based glucose sensors are also the factors that cannot be ignored.

At present, the development of silk-based glucose sensors is mainly based on the silk fibroin membrane and the carbonized silk fabric, and there are relatively few studies and applications based on the silk fiber and the silk fabric. The functionalized silk produced by the silkworm feeding method and spinning technology can be applied to the research and development of sensors, which would possibly become one of the important research directions of silk-based glucose sensors in the future. Overall, although the development of silk-based glucose sensors is still in its infancy, its application prospects are very broad, and it is worth looking forward to future development.

Key words:

silk; silk fibroin; silk fabric; glucose sensors; glucose oxidase; flexible electronic devices

收稿日期:

2022-08-01;

修回日期:

2023-02-03

基金項目:

重慶市教育委員會科學技術研究項目(KJQN202100203);紡織行業智能紡織服裝柔性器件重點實驗室開放課題資助項目(SDHY2111);重慶市留創計劃創新類資助項目(cx2019090);家蠶基因組生物學國家重點實驗室開放課題資助項目(sklsgb-2019KF13)

作者簡介:

王怡(1997),女,碩士研究生,研究方向為生物醫用紡織品。通信作者:李智,副教授,tclizhi@swu.edu.cn。

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