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賓語從句考點解析

2023-09-30 15:22:41徐燕
初中生學習指導·中考版 2023年9期

徐燕

賓語從句助記口訣:

賓語從句三姊妹,that,if / whether,wh? / how展風采。展風采有三關,引導詞、語序、時態在把關。主從時態要一致,陳述語序永不變。陳述請你選that,疑問需用if / whether連。要是問句作賓從,原來問詞不用換。三關過后莫自得,人稱、標點需注重,留意變臉的if / when,從句簡化記心間。

【歌訣解碼】

一、三姊妹

賓語從句根據引導詞的不同可分為三種類型:

1. 由that引導的賓語從句。如:We knew (that)we should learn from each other.

2. 由if / whether引導的賓語從句。如:Please tell me if / whether you have been to America.

3. 由who,where,how等連接代詞或連接副詞引導的賓語從句。如:Can you tell me how I can get to the nearest post office?

考題鏈接:

(1) Has he finished his homework? Do you know?(兩句合并成一句)

Do you know ___________he ___________finished his homework?(if; has)

(2) “Do you have a good time at the amusement park?” He asked me. (改為含有賓語從句的復合句)

He asked me ___________I ___________a good time at the amusement park.(whether / if; had)

(3) Could you tell us? When does the band start playing this evening?(兩句合并成一句)

Could you tell us___________the band___________playing this evening?(when; starts)

二、三關

1. 引導詞關

從句是陳述句,引導詞用that(that在口語或非正式文體中常省略);從句是一般疑問句,引導詞用if / whether;從句是特殊疑問句,引導詞用疑問代詞 / 副詞。

考題鏈接:

(1) —I am worried___________I can enter a good high school or not.

—Work hard and trust in yourself.

A.why B. what C.whether D. where

【解析】C. 句意:——我擔心我能否進入一所好高中。——努力學習,相信自己。why為什么;what什么;whether是否;where哪里。根據句中的or not可知應選whether。故選C。

(2) —Excuse me, could you tell me ___________?

—You can take No 6 bus there. It’s about 15 minutes’ ride.

A. how far is the Slender West Lake

B. how far the Slender West Lake is

C. how can I get to the Slender West Lake

D. how I can get to the Slender West Lake

【解析】D. 句意:——對不起,你能告訴我怎樣去瘦西湖嗎?——你可以坐6路公共汽車去那里。大約15分鐘車程。選項A和C語序錯誤。根據答句“You can take No 6 bus there. ”可知,是詢問怎么去瘦西湖。故選D。

(3) —Can you tell me___________?

—Yes. In the language center.

A. where will the speech competition be held

B. where the speech competition will be held

C. when will the speech competition be held

D. when the speech competition will be held

【解析】B. 根據答語“In the language center”可知,詢問的是地點,應用where提問。賓語從句應為陳述語序,結構為“從句引導詞 + 主語 + 謂語動詞 + 其他”。故選B。

2. 語序關

陳述句變為賓語從句,語序不變,即仍用陳述語序。

一般疑問句和特殊疑問句變為賓語從句,語序變為陳述語序。

考題鏈接:

(1) —I wonder ___________.

—I am not sure. Maybe yes.

A. if has Dave got his driver’s license ? ? B. how long has Dave got his driver’s license

C. if Dave has got his driver’s license ? ? D. how long Dave has got his driver’s license

【解析】C. 句意:——我想知道Dave是否有駕照。——我不確定,可能有吧。賓語從句應用陳述語序,即“從句引導詞 + 主語 + 謂語動詞 + 其他”,A和B選項的語序錯誤,故排除。根據句意選C。

(2) —Do you know ___________the new national park?

—Yes, I do. To protect wildlife and benefit the local people.

A. why did China set up B. why China set up

C. when did China set up D. when China set up

【解析】B. 句意:——你知道中國為什么建造新的國家公園嗎?——是的,為了保護野生動物、造福當地人民。賓語從句用陳述句語序,排除A、C;從答語可知,問句是在詢問原因。故選B。

3. 時態關

主句是現在的時態,從句的時態可根據實際情況而定。如:

I have heard(that)he will come back next week.

主句是過去的某種時態,那么從句的時態一定要用過去的某種時態。如: He said(that)there were no classes yesterday.

注意:賓語從句表述的是客觀真理、自然現象等時,不管主句是什么時態,從句都要用一般現在時。如:He said that light travels much faster than sound.

考題鏈接:

(1) In the past, people didn’t know that light ___________faster than sound.

A. travels ? ? ? ? B. travelled ? ? ? C. travel

【解析】 A. 句意:在過去人們不知道光速要比聲速快。賓語從句中,從句是客觀規律時不受主句時態的限制,依然使用一般現在時態,故選A。

(2) He asked me___________.

A. where can he find a supermarket

B. if I know the way to the supermarket

C. how he could get to the supermarket

【解析】C. 句意:他問我怎樣才能去超市。賓語從句用陳述語序,排除A選項。主句時態是一般過去時,從句也相應地用過去時,排除B,故選C。

(3) —Could you please tell me ___________when they meet for the first time in China?

—They usually shake hands.

A. what do people usually do ? ? ? ? B. what people usually do

C. where do people usually go ? ? ? ? D. where people usually go

【解析】 B. 句意:——請你告訴我在中國人們第一次見面通常會怎么做?——他們通常握手。賓語從句需用陳述句語序,排除A, C選項。由回答可知問的是做什么事情,故連接詞用what,排除D選項。故選B。

(4) The doctor wanted to know___________this morning.

A. what did you have B. what you had C. what you have

【解析】B. 賓語從句用陳述句語序,排除A。由句中的主句謂語wanted可知,從句用一般過去時態表達。故選B。

三、人稱的變化和標點的使用

1. 從句的主語是第一人稱,變為賓語從句則與主句的主語一致;從句的主語是第二人稱,則與主句的賓語一致;從句的主語是第三人稱,不用變化。如:

“May I use your knife?”He asked me. →He asked me if he might use my knife.

“Do you know her telephone number?”He asked me. →He asked me if I know her telephone number.

2. 賓語從句的標點均由主句決定。主句是陳述句,用句號;主句是疑問句,用問號。如:

Who will give us a talk? I don’t know. →I don’t know who will give us a talk.

Do you know? Where does he live? →Do you know where he lives?

四、兩副面孔

if和when既能引導其他狀語從句,又能引導賓語從句。因此,碰到它們就要認真分析一下,它們究竟屬于“兩副面孔”的哪一副。如:

If it rains tomorrow,I won’t come.(條件狀語從句)

I don’t know if it will rain tomorrow. (賓語從句)

五、從句的簡化

1. 當主句謂語動詞是find,see,watch,hear等感官動詞時,從句常簡化為“賓語 + 賓補”結構,賓補為不帶to的不定式或v.?ing形式。如:

She found that the wallet lay / was lying on the ground. →She found the wallet lie / lying on the ground.

2. 當主句謂語動詞是hope,wish,decide,forget,plan,agree等,且主句主語與從句主語相同時,從句可簡化為不定式結構。如:

She agreed that she could help me with my maths. →She agreed to help me with my maths.

3. 在連接代詞 / 副詞引導的賓語從句中,當從句主語與主句主語或間接賓語一致時,賓語從句可簡化為“連接代詞 / 副詞 + 不定式”結構。如:

Can you tell me how I can get to the station?→Can you tell me how to get to the station?

考題鏈接:

Please tell me where we can put our mobile phones.(改為同義句)

Please tell me ______________________put our mobile phones.(where to)

(作者單位:江蘇省揚州市朱自清中學)

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