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殼聚糖在肉與肉制品保鮮中的應用研究進展

2024-01-01 00:00:00閆曉穎梁榮蓉張一敏毛衍偉
肉類研究 2024年5期
關鍵詞:殼聚糖

摘 要:在肉與肉制品加工、貯藏等過程中,氧化與微生物是導致肉與肉制品腐敗的首要因素。由于殼聚糖良好的抗菌活性和抗氧化活性,其在提高肉與肉制品品質與延長貨架期中得以廣泛應用。雖然目前已有較多關于殼聚糖在肉與肉制品中應用的研究,但其抑菌機制仍需進一步明確,同時缺乏殼聚糖在肉與肉制品中的應用方式、影響因素及與其他技術協同作用的系統總結。因此,本文首先概括國內外殼聚糖在肉類產業中的應用研究進展,然后總結殼聚糖在肉與肉制品中的保鮮機制和影響因素,最后分析和總結能與殼聚糖起協同作用的相關技術,旨在為殼聚糖在肉與肉制品中應用和研究提供新思路。

關鍵詞:殼聚糖;抗菌活性;抗氧化活性;肉與肉制品

Recent Advances in the Application of Chitosan in the Preservation of Meat and Meat Products

YAN Xiaoying, LIANG Rongrong, ZHANG Yimin, MAO Yanwei*

(College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China)

Abstract: The decay of meat and meat products is primarily attributed to oxidation and microbial contamination during processing and storage. Chitosan, renowned for its remarkable antibacterial and antioxidant properties, has found wide applications in enhancing meat and meat product quality as well as extending their shelf life. Despite this, the antibacterial mechanism of chitosan remains unclear, and there is a dearth of systematic and comprehensive summaries regarding its application in meat and meat products as well as influential factors thereof and its potential synergistic effects with other preservation techniques. Consequently, in order to provide new ideas for the application and research of chitosan in meat and meat products, this article reviews recent progress in the application of chitosan in the meat industry, elucidates its preservation mechanism, systematically analyzes the factors that affect its efficacy in meat and meat products, and summarizes the preservation techniques that can synergistically enhance the efficacy of chitosan.

Keywords: chitosan; antibacterial activity; antioxidant activity; meat and meat products

DOI:10.7506/rlyj1001-8123-20240417-079

中圖分類號:TS251.5" " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " 文獻標志碼:A 文章編號:1001-8123(2024)05-0071-06

引文格式:

閆曉穎, 梁榮蓉, 張一敏, 等. 殼聚糖在肉與肉制品保鮮中的應用研究進展[J]. 肉類研究, 2024, 38(5): 71-76. DOI:10.7506/rlyj1001-8123-20240417-079." " http://www.rlyj.net.cn

YAN Xiaoying, LIANG Rongrong, ZHANG Yimin, et al. Recent advances in the application of chitosan in the preservation of meat and meat products[J]. Meat Research, 2024, 38(5): 71-76. (in Chinese with English abstract) DOI:10.7506/rlyj1001-8123-20240417-079." " http://www.rlyj.net.cn

殼聚糖是由D-葡萄糖胺和N-乙酰基-D-葡萄糖胺組成的線性多糖,其中D-葡萄糖胺和N-乙酰基-D-葡萄糖胺之間通過β-1,4糖苷鍵連接(圖1)[1]。提取殼聚糖的原料來源廣泛,資源豐富,主要包括蝦蟹殼、植物、微生物和昆蟲[2-4]。殼聚糖具有良好的生物相容性、無毒性及較好的成膜性等特點,還能夠有效抑制肉與肉制品氧化及微生物腐敗[5],在肉類產業中得以廣泛應用[6-8]。

然而,殼聚糖在肉與肉制品保鮮中的確切抑菌機制仍需進一步明確。同時,雖然目前已有諸多關于殼聚糖在肉與肉制品保鮮中應用的研究,但仍缺乏對殼聚糖在肉與肉制品保鮮中的應用方式、應用效果、影響因素及與其他技術協同作用的系統總結。因此,本文綜述殼聚糖在肉類產業中的應用研究進展,殼聚糖在肉與肉制品中的保鮮機制、影響因素及能與殼聚糖起協同作用的相關技術。

1 殼聚糖在肉與肉制品中的應用方式及影響因素

1.1 殼聚糖在肉與肉制品中的應用方式

殼聚糖的作用效果受使用方式和添加量影響,為了使殼聚糖在肉與肉制品中發揮最大作用,應選擇合適的使用方式和添加量。近年來,殼聚糖主要通過以下2 種方式應用于肉與肉制品保鮮:1)制備殼聚糖復合薄膜;2)制備殼聚糖復合涂層。

殼聚糖復合涂層和殼聚糖復合薄膜水蒸氣滲透率低、機械強度差,在肉與肉制品保鮮中的應用受到限制,因而通常將殼聚糖與其他物質復合,制成殼聚糖復合薄膜或復合涂層來改善殼聚糖在肉與肉制品中的應用性能[9]。

殼聚糖復合薄膜的制備方式主要有2 種:溶液流延法和層層擠出法[10]。由于溶液流延法操作簡單而被廣泛應用,其主要包括以下6 個步驟:1)使用酸性溶液(一般為醋酸溶液)溶解殼聚糖;2)根據不同的體積比或質量比與其他物質混合;3)攪拌獲得均勻、黏稠溶液;

4)通過過濾、離心和超聲等方式除去溶液中殘留的氣泡和不溶性顆粒;5)將溶液均勻平鋪于干燥、潔凈的平板;6)干燥冷卻后將薄膜剝離平板[11-12]。Siripatrawan等[13]

將綠茶提取物與殼聚糖混合制成綠茶提取物-殼聚糖混合薄膜,結果表明,綠茶提取物的加入可有效改善殼聚糖薄膜的拉伸強度和斷裂伸長率等機械性能。此外,將果膠與殼聚糖混合制成果膠-殼聚糖復合薄膜可有效改善殼聚糖薄膜的透明度和機械性能等[10]。含有葵花籽油的殼聚糖薄膜能夠有效減緩豬肉漢堡高鐵肌紅蛋白含量的增加,同時抑制漢堡中微生物的生長[14]。將均勻、黏稠的殼聚糖復合溶液直接涂在肉類等食品表面可以形成殼聚糖復合涂層[15-17]。Zheng Kaixi等[18]研究表明,含有牛至精油的殼聚糖涂層能夠顯著抑制冷藏雞胸肉中微生物的生長,同時抑制其脂質氧化和蛋白質氧化。

1.2 殼聚糖在肉制品中應用的影響因素

殼聚糖的應用效果受到很多因素的影響,肉與肉制品表面微生物的類型和細胞生長階段會影響殼聚糖的應用效果,殼聚糖的脫乙酰度、分子質量及濃度等也均會對殼聚糖的應用效果產生顯著影響[19]。

1.2.1 殼聚糖的分子質量

殼聚糖分為低分子質量(<100 kDa)、中分子質量(100~1 000 kDa)和高分子質量(>1 000 kDa)3 種類型[20]。研究表明,低分子質量殼聚糖更有利于保持肉與肉制品的品質。Li Xiaofang等[21]對比研究3、50、1 000 kDa殼聚糖溶液的抑菌活性,結果表明,50 kDa殼聚糖溶液對大腸桿菌的抑制作用最強。Ye Mu等[22]研究發現,低分子質量殼聚糖對于單核細胞增生李斯特氏菌的抑制作用比中分子質量的殼聚糖更強。

1.2.2 殼聚糖的脫乙酰度

殼聚糖可分為低(55%~70%)、中(70%~85%)、高(85%~95%)、超高(95%以上)脫乙酰度4 種類型[23]。在肉與肉制品貯藏保鮮中,所使用殼聚糖的脫乙酰度一般在90%以上,為高脫乙酰度殼聚糖。脫乙酰度高的殼聚糖對微生物的抑制作用較強,原因為殼聚糖脫乙酰度越高,所攜帶的正電荷越多[24],溶解度越大,結晶越少,反應活性越強[25](表1)。

含量的增加,有效抑制金黃色葡萄球菌和大腸桿菌的生長 [26]

2 殼聚糖在肉與肉制品應用中的保鮮機制

2.1 殼聚糖的抗菌活性

微生物的腐敗作用是導致肉與肉制品腐敗變質的主要因素。導致肉與肉制品腐敗的微生物種類繁多,主要包括假單胞菌屬、腸桿菌、乳酸菌、梭狀芽孢桿菌、不動桿菌、熱殺環絲菌和希瓦氏菌等[30]。腐敗微生物分解肉類產品中的脂肪、碳水化合物和蛋白質,導致異味、變色和形成黏液,從而使其喪失可食用性[31]。殼聚糖主要通過4 個途徑產生抗菌活性:1)靜電作用。由于殼聚糖的氨基可以質子化,從而使殼聚糖帶正電荷。當pH值低于pKa值時,殼聚糖的—NH2基團轉化為質子化

形式—NH3+。革蘭氏陽性菌的細胞壁含有含磷壁酸的厚肽聚糖層,使得細胞表面帶有負電荷;革蘭氏陰性菌的細胞壁含有脂多糖,使得細胞表面的負電荷較多,從而使其對殼聚糖更加敏感。殼聚糖與微生物之間發生靜電作用,破壞細胞完整性,引起細胞內容物泄漏,造成酶和核苷酸等成分損失,導致微生物死亡[32-33]。Hao Peiyan等[34]研究表明,姜黃環糊精接枝殼聚糖水凝膠可通過—NH3+與細菌表面負電荷的靜電作用抑制微生物的生長,姜黃環糊精接枝殼聚糖水凝膠對金黃色葡萄球菌的抑制作用強于大腸桿菌。殼聚糖也可抑制真菌的生長,對殼聚糖敏感的真菌細胞膜比殼聚糖抗性真菌含有更多的多不飽和脂肪酸,這表明殼聚糖的抑菌效果可能與細胞膜的流動性密切相關[35]。2)與微生物DNA的相互作用。低分子質量的殼聚糖可以進入微生物的細胞核,通過與微生物DNA分子相互作用抑制微生物增殖[36];Xing Ke等[37]研究油酰基-殼聚糖納米顆粒對核酸電泳遷移率的影響,當油酰基-殼聚糖納米顆粒質量濃度達到1 000 mg/L時,大腸桿菌DNA和RNA的遷移被完全抑制。3)抑制微生物細胞內的代謝酶。利用殼聚糖的螯合作用阻斷微生物的活性中心,從而抑制其生長[38]。4)阻隔作用。高分子質量的殼聚糖涂層或薄膜會在肉與肉制品表面形成阻隔層,減少氧氣的傳遞和營養物質的吸收,同時阻止代謝產物的排泄,從而抑制微生物的代謝活動[19]。殼聚糖的抑菌機制如圖2所示。

2.2 殼聚糖的抗氧化活性

在肉類加工過程中,脂質氧化和蛋白氧化是引起其品質劣變的主要非微生物因素[39-40]。脂質氧化和蛋白質氧化可導致肉與肉制品營養成分顯著減少和顏色劣變[41-42]。殼聚糖的抗氧化活性主要歸因于其氨基清除自由基的能力,研究發現,殼聚糖不但可以顯著減少蛋白質氧化[43],還可以通過螯合作用延緩食品中的脂質氧化[44]。除此之外,殼聚糖薄膜可以阻礙肉品與氧氣接觸,減少氧氣的轉移,從而使氧化作用減弱[45]。需要指出的是,殼聚糖雖然具有一定的抗氧化活性,但是單獨使用的殼聚糖薄膜或殼聚糖涂層的抗氧化活性較低,應用效果較差,因此通常將殼聚糖與其他物質混合制成殼聚糖復合薄膜或復合涂層來提高其抗氧化活性[46]。

3 強化殼聚糖在肉與肉制品中應用效果的技術

殼聚糖涂層機械強度差,水蒸氣滲透性低,限制了其在肉與肉制品中的應用。因此,其通常與其他保鮮技術相結合,從而保證肉的品質并延長貨架期[47]。

3.1 與植物精油結合

精油是從植物中提取的揮發性芳香油狀液體,具有抗菌、抗氧化等多種生物活性;但植物精油有強烈的風味,可能改變肉制品的感官品質。此外,植物精油不穩定,在受熱、光照條件下容易氧化分解[48]。殼聚糖具有一定的控釋能力和黏附性,有利于天然抗菌劑的靶向釋放,延長天然抗菌劑發揮活性的時間。例如,殼聚糖納米乳液可以將天然抗菌劑包埋在其內部,增強天然抗菌劑的抑菌活性和穩定性[49],同時可以起到屏障作用,阻止水分流失和氧氣遷移,從而維持肉制品品質[50]。因此,利用植物精油和殼聚糖的協同作用來抑制肉類產品品質劣變受到國內外學者的廣泛關注(表2)。

3.2 與物理方法相結合

物理方法是肉與肉制品保鮮的常用手段。傳統的熱滅菌是指在不低于121 ℃的濕熱條件下滅活包括孢子在內的腐敗微生物,從而延長食品的保質期,但是傳統熱滅菌方式嚴重損害了食品質量和感官品質[55]。近年來,超高壓、等離子體技術和紫外線輻射等非熱滅菌技術受到國內外食品科學家的共同關注[56]。將殼聚糖與物理方法相結合可有效提高肉與肉制品的感官品質,延長其貨架期(表3)。

3.3 與其他活性物質復合

迄今為止,GB 2760—2014《食品安全國家標準 食品添加劑》已批準殼聚糖、明膠、海藻酸鈉等物質可直接添加在肉類制品中。將殼聚糖與這些物質相結合不僅可以提高殼聚糖涂層的機械性能,而且可以有效抑制肉與肉制品中腐敗微生物的生長(表4)。

4 結 語

肉與肉制品營養豐富,在貯藏、加工、運輸和銷售等過程中極易發生腐敗變質。因此,新型肉類保鮮技術的研發對于肉類產業的發展至關重要。殼聚糖作為一種生物大分子,具有良好的安全性和成膜性,并且滿足了消費者希望使用天然無毒物質代替化學物質的需求,在肉與肉制品的保鮮中有巨大的應用潛力。

殼聚糖可以通過制備殼聚糖復合薄膜和殼聚糖復合涂層2 種方式來提高肉與肉制品的品質并延長貨架期。其可以通過靜電作用影響微生物細胞膜、抑制DNA轉錄、抑制微生物細胞內的代謝酶及改變細胞膜的通透性,從而抑制微生物增殖。殼聚糖的分子質量越小、脫乙酰度越高,其在肉制品中的抑菌活性越高,可通過與植物精油相結合、與物理滅菌方法相結合、與其他活性物質復合使用等方式強化殼聚糖在肉與肉制品中的應用效果。

然而,殼聚糖在肉與肉制品保鮮中的應用仍然存在一些問題,殼聚糖自身的抗菌活性和抗氧化活性較低,需要與其他物質協同作用才能產生更好的保鮮效果,但添加物質可能會影響肉與肉制品的風味;添加物質在殼聚糖涂層中分布不均也可能降低保鮮效果等。總的來說,殼聚糖在肉與肉制品的保鮮中有較好的應用前景,隨著上述問題的不斷解決,殼聚糖在肉與肉制品保鮮中的應用將會更加廣泛。

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