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黑蜈蚣葉屬(蜈蚣衣科)地衣一新種

2024-05-19 00:00:00蔣樹浩賈澤峰
廣西植物 2024年4期

摘"要: "該文基于形態學、解剖學、化學及分子系統學的方法,對采自中國泰山的黑蜈蚣葉屬地衣進行了分類學研究,發現了1新種,即泰山黑蜈蚣葉(Phaeophyscia taishanensis)。該新種的主要特征為地衣體上表面末端具稀疏的皮層毛;髓層白色;下表面黑色,裂片末端處呈灰白色或淺褐色;盤托上部偶有白色或淺色的皮層毛,常常稀疏可數;子囊孢子褐色,厚壁,Physcia型,孢子大小為(18.0~20.5) μm × (9.0~10.0) μm。該文還基于表型特征討論了新種與相似種的異同,并基于分子數據以ITS序列構建最大似然系統發育樹且進行了序列分析,同時提供了詳細的形態學描述及特征圖片。該新種的發現為蜈蚣衣科地衣生物多樣性研究積累了基礎資料。

關鍵詞: 地衣型真菌, 粉衣目, 蜈蚣衣科, 系統發育, 分類學

中圖分類號: "Q949.34

文獻標識碼: "A

文章編號: "1000-3142(2024)04-0621-08

A new species of the lichen genus Phaeophyscia (Physciaceae)

JIANG Shuhao, JIA Zefeng

( College of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, Shandong, China )

Abstract: "Based on morphological, anatomical, chemical and molecular systematic methods, a taxonomic study was carried out on the lichen genus Phaeophyscia collected from Mount Tai. One species, P. taishanensis is reported as new to science. It is characterized by the following characters: white or hyaline cortical hairs sparsely on the upper surface of the marginal peripheral zones of the lobes; white medulla; black lower surface with sometimes white or pale brown ends; sparse cortical hairs occasionally on upper portion of thalline margin; and ascospores brown, Physcia-type, sized (18.0-20.5) μm × (9.0-10.0) μm. Based on phenotypical characteristics, the similarities and differences between the new species and similar species were discussed. the maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree was constructed with ITS sequence, and the sequence analysis was carried out. A detailed morphological description and pictures of the characteristics of this new species are provided. The discovery of this new species has accumulated basic data for the study of Physciaceae biodiversity.

Key words: lichenized fungi, Caliciales, Physciaceae, phylogeny, taxonomy

黑蜈蚣葉屬 (Phaeophyscia Moberg) 隸屬于子囊菌門 (Ascomycota)茶漬綱 (Lecanoromycetes),粉衣目 (Caliciales)蜈蚣衣科 (Physciaceae),全世界有66種,中國已報道21種(魏江春,2020; 陳健斌和胡光榮,2022; Wijayawardene et al., 2022; 陳健斌,2023)。

黑蜈蚣葉屬 (Phaeophyscia) 是Moberg于1977年以Phaeophyscia orbicularis (Neck.) Moberg為模式建立的,除強調皮層結構、地衣化學之外,他還強調分生孢子在地衣分屬中的重要性。于是,從蜈蚣衣屬Physcia中分出該屬,包括原蜈蚣衣屬中那些皮層K-,不含atranorin,下皮層為假薄壁組織,個別為假厚壁長細胞組織,分生孢子為近橢圓形且小于4 μm長的類群 (Moberg, 1977)。后來,Esslinger承認且沿用了Moberg的黑蜈蚣葉屬Phaeophyscia分屬觀點,在此基礎上將蜈蚣衣屬中地衣體上皮層K-,不含atranorin,下表面為淡白色,下皮層為假厚壁長細胞組織的幾個種組建了新屬Phyciella Essl.,包括Physciella denigrata、P. melanchra和P. nepalensis (Esslinger, 1978)。但是,其觀點并沒有被地衣學家們廣泛接受。

黑蜈蚣葉屬地衣的主要特征為葉狀地衣體,上皮層K-,不含atranorin,髓層白色或橘紅色,下皮層為假薄壁組織,個別為假厚壁長細胞組織,茶漬型子囊盤,Physcia型或Pachysporaria型子囊孢子,分生孢子近橢圓形且小于4 μm長。該屬地衣的生長基物多樣,包括樹皮、枯木、苔蘚、巖石、土壤 (Moberg, 1977; Aptroot amp; Sipman, 1991; Liu amp; Hur, 2019)。該屬地衣的整體分布格局具有明顯的北溫帶性質,分布或主要分布于北溫帶或北方植被帶,東亞和北美洲是該屬地衣兩個重要的分布區域(陳健斌,2023)。

本研究對保存于聊城大學生命科學學院地衣標本館(LCUF) 的地衣標本進行整理和鑒定時,發現了黑蜈蚣葉屬地衣1新種,現予以報道。

1"材料與方法

1.1 研究標本

采自山東泰山的地衣標本,現保存于聊城大學生命科學學院地衣標本館 (LCUF)。

1.2 形態特征觀察

在OLYMPUS SZX16體式顯微鏡下觀察地衣體的外表特征,并拍照。徒手縱切子囊盤,選其薄片置于配備有OLYMPUS DP74數字相機的OLYMPUS BX53光學顯微鏡下進行觀察解剖特征,并拍照。

1.3 化學物質檢測

使用試劑K(10%氫氧化鉀水溶液)、C(次氯酸鈉飽和水溶液)和P(對苯二胺在95%乙醇中的飽和溶液)滴加在地衣體皮層或髓層上進行顏色反應 (CT),并綜合薄層層析法(TLC)判斷地衣所含次級代謝產物,所用溶劑為C系統(甲苯∶乙酸=20∶3,比值為體積比) (Culberson amp; Kristinsson, 1970; Culberson, 1972; Orange et al., 2001)。使用濃度為0.3%~1.0%的Lugol’s溶液對子囊盤縱切薄片進行染色,觀察子囊孢子淀粉樣蛋白反應。

1.4 基因組提取、PCR擴增及測序

從標本中選取適量地衣體,使用Sigma-Aldrich REDExtract-N-AmpTM試劑盒,參照產品說明書進行地衣型真菌總基因組的提取。使用引物ITS1F和ITS4 (Gardes amp; Bruns, 1993; White et al., 1990) 擴增內源轉錄間隔區 (ITS) 片段,采用Zhao和Jia (2022) 的PCR反應體系和反應條件進行擴增,使用1%瓊脂糖凝膠電泳檢測PCR擴增產物,送由鉑尚生物技術有限公司(濟南)進行測序。

1.5 序列比對和系統發育分析

測序返回序列使用軟件Geneious v. 9.0.2 (Biomatters Ltd., Auckland, NZ) 進行拼接,并將序列上傳至GenBank (OR769731)。自測序列與從GenBank中下載的37條序列,如表1所示,使用MAFFT v. 7 (Katoh et al., 2009)進行多重比對(使用“L-ING-i”運算法則,其他參數為默認值)。使用Gblocks V0.19b (Castresana, 2000; Talavera amp; Castresana, 2007) 對矩陣中首尾及中間的模糊序列進行消除。使用PhyloSuite v. 1.2.2 (Zhang et al., 2020) 進行系統發育分析,利用ModelFinder (Kalyaanamoorthy et al., 2017) 的AIC準則分別為最大似然法 (ML) 分析和貝葉斯法 (BI) 分析選擇最優模型,ML分析的最適模型為TIM2e+R2,BI分析的最適模型為SYM+I+G。在TIM2e+R2模型[JP]下,使用IQ-TREE (Nguyen et al., 2015) 進行5 000次ultrafast (Minh et al., 2013),以及Shimodaira-Hasegawa-like檢驗 (Guindon et al., 2010) 構建ML樹; [JP+2]在SYM+I+G模型下, 使用MrBayes V. 3.2.6(Ronquist et al., 2012)運行兩次并行的馬爾科夫鏈 (MCMC),每條鏈200萬代,舍棄最初25%的樣本數構建BI樹。使用Figtree v. 1.4.4進行系統發育樹的查看和調整。

2"結果與分析

2.1 系統發育分析

本研究系統發育分析所用序列來源于自測序列BLAST結果以及相關文獻 (Fayyaz et al., 2022; Niazi et al., 2023),以Physciella melanchra為外類群,共包括ITS序列38條(表1)。基于ITS序列進行系統發育分析,結果顯示ML樹和BI樹拓撲結構一致,文中僅展示ML系統發育樹,ML系統發育樹圖見圖1,同時將ML樹和BI樹的后驗概率值及自檢舉值標注在每一個分支上。系統發育結果顯示,泰山黑蜈蚣葉 (Phaeophyscia taishanensis) 與白腹黑蜈蚣葉 (P. denigrata) 聚在了一支,支持率為89%,形成姐妹群,說明這兩個種有著較近的親緣關系;P. microspora與P. kashmirensi聚在了一支,支持率為92%,BI后驗概率為1,形成姐妹群,與Niazi等 (2023)的結果一致;泰山黑蜈蚣葉和白腹黑蜈蚣葉所在分支與P. microspora和P. kashmirensis所在分支形成姐妹分支,支持率為89%。

2.2 分類單元

Phaeophyscia taishanensis Sh. H. Jiang amp; Z. F. Jia sp. nov. Fig. 2

Fungal names: FN 571697

Diagnosis: This new species is distinctly separate from the comparable species Phaeophyscia denigrata in that the upper portion of the thalline margin of the apothecia occasionally have sparse cortical hairs, and the lower cortex is paraplectenchymatous, ascospores are only Physcia-type.

Etymology: The specific epithet ‘taishanensis’ refers to the type locality of Mount Tai, Shandong Province, China.

Type: China, Shandong, "Tai’an City, Mount Tai, Buyun Bridge, 36°14′51″ N, 117°06′23″ E,940 m alt., on the bark of Ulmus pumila L., 8 November 2020, M.L. Zhu TS18074 (holotype, LCUF, GenBank OR769731).

Description: Thallus foliose, nearly orbicular or irregular, more than 7 cm in diameter, closely adnate to the substratum; lobes dichotomously to irregularly branched, separate, sometimes imbricate, 0.6-1.1 mm wide, terminally obtuse; thallus 187.8-273.0 μm thick; upper cortex grey-green to olive-green, flat or often slightly concave, occasionally have white or hyaline cortical hairs on the upper surface of marginal peripheral zones of the lobes, which sometimes can be sparse, lacking maculation, soredia, isidia, or lobules; upper cortex 26.1-39.7 μm thick; algal layer continuous, 53.3-85.8 μm thick; medulla loose, white, 70.3-109.5 μm thick;lower surface black, sometimes white or pale brown on the lobe ends, rhizinate; rhizines dense, black, the ends are sometimes white, about 0.5 mm long; lower cortex paraplectenchymatous, 28.6 - 38.4 μm thick.

Apothecia common, sessile, usually 0.5-1.5 mm in diameter; disc red-brown to black, epruinose; margin entire; the upper portion of the thalline margin of the apothecia occasionally have sparse and countable cortical hairs, usually found in the immature apothecia, most of the apothecium do not have cortical hairs; epithecium brown, 10.7-13.3 μm thick; hymenium hyaline or slightly brown, 80.5-93.6 μm thick; hypothecium light brown, 26.5-30.3 μm thick; asci clavate,eight-spored; ascospores brown, Physcia-type, (18-20.5) μm × (9.0-10.0) μm, I+ blue; pycnidia common, immersed into thallus, brown to black; conidia ellipsoid, (2.6-3.3) μm × (0.9-1.7) μm.

Chemistry: Thallus K-; medulla K-; no substances were detected by TLC.

特征提要: 該新種與白腹黑蜈蚣葉相似,區別在于該新種盤托上部偶有白色或淺色的皮層毛,下皮層組織為假薄壁組織,子囊孢子僅為Physcia型。

詞源: 種加詞 ‘taishanensis’表示該物種被發現的產地山東泰山。

主模式:山東 泰安市,泰山,步云橋,117°06′23″ E、36°14′51″ N,海拔940 m,2020-11-08,朱孟麗TS18074。

每個分支的數值表示貝葉斯后驗概率 (PP) 和自展值 (BS),僅顯示自展值大于75或后驗率大于0.95的數值。新物種和新生成的序列用粗體表示。

The number in each branch represents posterior probability (PP) and bootstrap support (BS) values. PP valuesgt;0.95 and BS valuesgt;75 are plotted on the branches. The new species and newly generated sequences are in bold.

地衣體葉狀,近圓形或不規則狀,直徑大于7 cm,較緊密地貼生于基物;裂片二叉至不規則分裂,分離,或有時重疊,0.6~1.1 mm寬,末端常鈍圓;地衣體厚187.8~273.0 μm;上表面灰綠色至橄欖褐色,平坦或常常稍凹,末端具稀疏的皮層毛,無白斑、粉芽、裂芽和小裂片;上皮層厚26.1~39.7 μm;藻層厚53.3~85.8 μm;髓層疏松,白色,厚70.3~109.5 μm;下表面黑色,裂片末端處呈灰白色或淺褐色,具假根;假根單一不分枝,黑色,末端有時呈白色,約0.5 mm長;下皮層厚28.6~38.4 μm,皮層組織為假薄壁組織。

子囊盤常見,貼生,直徑通常0.5~1.5 mm;盤面紅褐色至黑色,無粉霜;盤緣完整;盤托上部偶有白色或淺色的皮層毛,常常稀疏可數,見于未成熟子囊盤,大部分子囊盤不具皮層毛;囊層被褐色,10.7~13.3 μm;子實層清晰狀,稍帶褐色,80.5~93.6 μm;囊層基清晰狀,淺褐色,26.5~30.3 μm;子囊內含有8個孢子;子囊孢子褐色,厚壁,Physcia型,為(18~20.5) μm × (9.0~10.0) μm,I+,藍色;分生孢子器常見,埋生于地衣體中,孔口凸起于地衣體上表面,棕色至黑色,圓點狀;分生孢子橢圓形,(2.6~3.3) μm × (0.9~1.7) μm。

A. 地衣體和子囊盤; B. 裂片; C. 末端皮層毛、分生孢子器和假根; D. 盤托上部白色刺毛; E. 子囊盤縱切; F. 子囊盤縱切(偏光鏡下); G-I. 子囊; J. 分生孢子; K-O. 子囊孢子。比例尺: A, B=2 mm; C=0.5 mm; D=1 mm; E, F=0.5 mm; G-I=20 μm; J=5 μm; K-O=10 μm。

A. Habit of thallus; B. Lobes; C. White or hyaline cortical hairs on the upper surface of the marginal peripheral zones of the lobes, pycnidia and rhizines; D. The upper portion of the thalline margin of the apothecia occasionally have sparse cortical hairs; E. Apothecia section; F. Apothecia section (in polarized light); G-I. Asci; J. Conidia; K-O. Ascospore. Scale bars: A, B=2 mm; C=0.5 mm; D=1 mm; E, F=0.5 mm; G-I=20 μm; J=5 μm; K-O=10 μm.

化學反應:地衣體K-;髓層K-;TLC未檢測出地衣化學物質。

分布:該種產自中國東部山東省中部,該地區地帶性森林類型為落葉闊葉林,氣候為溫帶季風氣候,為北溫帶成分,其生長基物為榆樹 (Ulmus pumila L.) 樹皮。截至目前,該種僅在標本模式產地發現。

其他研究標本:山東 泰安市,泰山,步云橋,117°06′23″ E、36°14′51″ N,海拔940 m,2020-11-08,朱孟麗TS18071、TS18072、TS18073。

3"討論

本種的主要特征是地衣體上表面末端具稀疏的皮層毛,髓層白色,下表面黑色,裂片末端處呈灰白色或淺褐色,盤托上部偶有白色或淺色的皮層毛,常常稀疏可數,子囊孢子褐色,厚壁,Physcia型,(18~20.5) μm × (9.0~10.0) μm。在形態及化學上,本種與皮層毛黑蜈蚣葉 (Phaeophyscia hirtella)、白刺毛黑蜈蚣葉 (P. hirtuosa) 和P. esslingeri相似。本種與P. hirtella和P. hirtuosa相比,后兩者子囊盤基部都常具有黑色的假根,而本種子囊盤基部無假根。與P. esslingeri相比,后者地衣體上表面有白斑,盤托上部皮層毛較多,孢子較寬,為 "[(17~)18~25] μm × [10~12(~14)] μm (Kondratyuk et al., 2016);但本種地衣體上表面無白斑,盤托上部偶有白色或淺色的皮層毛,常常稀疏可數,孢子較窄。

在系統發育上,本種親緣關系與白腹黑蜈蚣葉 (Phaeophyscia denigrata)、P. microspora和P. kashmirensis相近。本種與P. denigrata相比,后者地衣體下表面灰白色,盤托上部不具皮層毛,子囊孢子為Pachysporaria型或Physcia型;而本種地衣體下表面黑色,裂片末端處呈灰白色或淺褐色,果托上部偶有白色或淺色的皮層毛,子囊孢子僅為Physcia型;P. denigrata曾置于Phyciella Essl.中,下表面灰白色,皮層組織是假厚壁長細胞,通過對本種裂片進行橫切、縱切觀察發現,本種下表面皮層組織為假薄壁組織,對于搭建Physciella 與 Phaoephyscia 之間“橋梁”關系具有重要意義,仍需進一步研究。與P. microspora相比,后者子囊盤基部有黑色假根,孢子較小,為(14~17) μm × (6.0~8.0) μm,未見分生孢子器 (Schumm amp; Aptroot, 2019);而本種子囊盤基部沒有假根,孢子較大,分生孢子器可見。與P. kashmirensis相比,后者地衣體邊緣具有大量的粉芽堆 (Fayyaz et al., 2022),未見分生孢子器;而本種無粉芽堆,分生孢子器可見。

致謝"感謝中國科學院微生物研究所陳健斌研究員在標本鑒定方面以及本文內容提供寶貴建議,感謝本課題組碩士生朱孟麗協助采集標本!

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(責任編輯"蔣巧媛"王登惠)

DOI: 10.11931/guihaia.gxzw202311012

蔣樹浩, 賈澤峰, 2024.

黑蜈蚣葉屬 (蜈蚣衣科) 地衣一新種 [J].廣西植物, 44(4): 621-628.

JIANG SH, JIA ZF, 2024.A new species of the lichen genus Phaeophyscia (Physciaceae) [J].

收稿日期: "2024-01-18"[HTH]接受日期: "2024-02-22

基金項目: "國家自然科學基金(37150001)。

第一作者: 蔣樹浩(2000—),碩士研究生,研究方向為地衣生物學,(E-mail)jsh20000522@163.com。

通信作者: "賈澤峰,博士,教授,研究方向為地衣生物學,(E-mail)zfjia2008@163.com。

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