

摘"要: "為明確地圖衣屬部分物種的分類地位,該研究以中國西南地區為研究區域,采用表型特征(形態學、解剖學和化學特征)和基因型特征(ITS序列)相結合的方法,對地圖衣屬(Rhizocarpon Ramond ex DC.)地衣物種進行分類學研究,初步探討該屬物種表型與基因型的對應關系。通過研究,我們發現了該屬1新種——四川地圖衣(Rhizocarpon sichuanense Y. M. Zhang, L. Hu amp; W. C. Wang, sp. nov.),該新種與相近種黑灰地圖衣(Rhizocarpon cinereonigrum Vain.)和中華地圖衣(Rhizocarpon sinense Zahlbr.)的主要區別:地衣體裂片較為分散,表面呈龜裂或者亞鱗葉狀;下地衣體黑色,明顯;孢子較大,為[(27~)32~42.5] μm×[12.5~17.5(~20)] μm,TLC檢測含有巴巴酸。在系統發育中,該新種與黑紅地圖衣 [Rhizocarpon badioatrum (Fl?rke ex Spreng. ) Th. Fr. ]在同一個進化分枝上,但黑紅地圖衣的地衣體裂片連續不分散,孢子明顯較小[(23~36) μm×(13~16) "μm],地衣體中含有地弗地衣酸或不含化學物質。通過系統發育分析,結果表明:(1)該新種——四川地圖衣屬于褐地衣體亞屬中的Badioatrum group;(2)僅依據解剖學特征(孢子的大小和分隔類型)對地圖衣屬部分類群的劃分存在不合理性,還需結合化學特征進行綜合分析。該文提供了新種的分類學描述以及形態、解剖和化學的高分辨率圖片。利用新種的ITS序列構建的系統發育樹,為建立更趨自然合理的分類系統提供基礎數據。此外,該文對世界范圍內褐地衣體亞屬中子囊孢子為棕色1隔的類群(Badioatrum group)編寫了詳細的物種檢索表,為該類群的進一步研究提供了資料支持。
關鍵詞: 巴巴酸, 地圖衣科, 地衣型子囊菌, 地衣型真菌, 分類學
中圖分類號: "Q948.2; Q949.34
文獻標識碼: "A
文章編號: "1000-3142(2024)04-0635-11
Rhizocarpon sichuanense, a new species
from Southwest China
ZHANG Yanmeng1, WANG Weicheng2, WANG Yuhua1, ZHONG Chunjiao1, HU Ling1*
( 1. Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China; 2. School of Biological
Science and Biotechnology, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, Fujian, China )
Abstract: "In this paper, we study in Rhizocarpon Ramond ex DC. species by the method of combining phenotypic characteristics (morphology, anatomy and chemistry) with genotypic characteristics (ITS sequence). The aims of this present paper are to clarify the status of some species and explore the relationship between phenotype and genotype in Rhizocarpon. During the study on Rhizocarpon species from southwest China, R. sichuanense Y. M. Zhang, L. Hu amp; W. C. Wang sp. nov. is described as a new species in this genus. The new species is morphologically similar to R. cinereonigrum Vain and R. sinense Zahlbr., which also produces brown thallus, medulla I-, 8-spored ascus and brown ascospores with 1-septa. But it can be distinguished by the scattered, areolate to subsquamulose thallus, a distinct black prothallus, large ascospores "are [(27-)32-42.5] μm × [12.5-17.5(-20)] μm and the presence of barbatic acid is in the thallus. In phylogenetic trees, it is also similar to R. badioatrum (Fl?rke ex Spreng. ) Th. Fr. which can be distinguished by the more continuous thallus with diffractaic acid or without secondary products, and the smaller spores [(23-36) μm × (13-16) μm] than this new species. The phylogenic results are as follows: (1) The new species R. sichuanense belongs to badioatrum group which belongs to Rhizocarpon subg. Phaeothallus; (2) It is unsuitable to classify some groups only based on anatomical characteristics (spore size and separation type) in Rhizocarpon, the chemical characteristics should also be considered. In this paper, the achievement of ITS sequences provide the basic data for an establishment of a more reasonable and natural classification system. In addition, we provide high resolution pictures of morphological, anatomical and chemical characteristics as well as detailed descriptions of the new species. The key to the species of Rhizocarpon subg. Phaeothallus with 1-septa brown spore (Badioatrum group) in the world is also provided, which will provide basic data for the further studies in this group.
Key words: barbatic acid, Rhizocarpaceae, lichenized ascomycetes, lichenized fungi, taxonomy
地圖衣屬由Candolle于1805年建立,該屬的主要特征如下:地衣體生長型為殼狀,呈裂縫至鱗葉狀,裂片連續或分散,表面黃綠色、白色、灰色至深棕色;子囊盤黑色,網衣型,盤緣較窄,不明顯或明顯加厚;果殼外緣通常著色較深,內部著色較淺;子實上層棕色至藍綠色,K±紫紅色;子囊內含1~8個孢子,子囊頂部與碘反應后,子囊外壁呈深藍色,內壁僅在頂部略有著色,稱為地圖衣型子囊頂器(Rhizocarpon-type);子囊孢子無色至棕色或墨綠色,1至多隔或呈亞磚壁至磚壁型,暈圈明顯;囊層基深棕色(Hafellner, 1984)。1956年,Runemark在研究歐洲地圖衣屬黃綠色類群地衣時,將孢子1隔、長度為9~18 μm的物種歸為Superficiale group;孢子1隔、長度為18~32 μm的物種歸為Alpicola group;孢子磚壁型、髓層I-的物種歸為Viridiatrum group;孢子磚壁型、髓層I+的物種歸為Geographicum group(Runemark, 1956)。Thomson(1967)根據地衣體是否含有地圖衣酸(rhizocarpic acid)將地圖衣屬劃分為2個亞屬:地衣體為黃綠色,含有地圖衣酸的物種歸為地圖衣亞屬(Rhizocarpon subg. Rhizocarpon);地衣體為非黃綠色(白色、灰色至棕色),不含有地圖衣酸的物種歸為褐地衣體亞屬(Rhizocarpon subg. Phaeothallus)。Poelt(1988)將隸屬于地圖衣亞屬的物種進一步做了總結,匯編成一個較為完整的檢索表。隨后,Fryday(2000,2002)和Ihlen(2004)在研究歐洲地圖衣屬非黃綠色類群時,根據孢子的特征將褐地衣體亞屬中孢子棕色、1隔的物種歸為Badioatrum group;孢子無色、磚壁型的物種歸為Obscuratum group;孢子無色、1隔的物種歸為Hochstetteri group。
隨著分子生物學的發展,McCune等(2016)和Davydov等(2017)通過表型結合基因型(ITS)的方法對阿拉斯加半島和西伯利亞阿爾泰山地區的地圖衣屬進行系統發育學研究,發現新種2個,即R. quinonum McCune, Timdal amp; Bendiksby和R. smaragdulum Davydov amp; Yakovch.,新記錄種2個,即R. atroflavescens Lynge和R. norvegicum Rsnen。Roca-Valiente(2013)通過多基因聯合分析的方法對地圖衣亞屬中的Geographicum group進行了系統發育學研究,結果表明Geographicum group中的地衣物種表型特征與基因型特征并不完全符合,僅依據表型特征的分類學研究不足以反映該類群的自然演化特征及系統發育關系。因此亟需通過表型和基因型相結合的方法對地圖衣屬進行系統的分類學研究。
目前,全球報道的地圖衣屬約有230種,該屬物種主要分布在高原、山地等氣候較為寒冷的地區(Lücking et al., 2016;Davydov amp; Yakovchenko, 2017;Paukov et al., 2017;Kondratyuk et al., 2018;Fryday, 2019;Elix amp; McCarthy, 2019;McCarthy et al., 2020;Spribille et al., 2020)。中國僅報道地圖衣屬地衣47種,主要集中在中國的西南地區(云南、四川、貴州、西藏)和西北地區(新疆、青海、甘肅、陜西、內蒙古西部)(魏江春,1991;阿不都拉·阿巴斯和吳繼農,1998;Aptroot amp; Sparrius, 2003;Sérusiaux et al., 2003;Golubkov amp; Matwiejuk, 2009;李雪等,2013;Zhao et al., 2013;瑪伊熱·努爾艾合麥提, 2015;王偉成和趙遵田,2015;Wang amp; Zhao, 2015a, b;Wang et al., 2016;古力娜·哈納特和艾尼瓦爾·吐米爾, 2019;Hu et al., 2020;Bi et al., 2022)。我國地域遼闊,生物多樣性高,蘊藏著豐富的地衣資源,但研究基礎較為薄弱,據估計,我國已知地衣型真菌種數僅占估計種數的8.5%,尚有91.5%的物種有待調查研究(魏江春,2018)。長期以來,由于我國學者對地圖衣屬的研究多為零星報道,并且研究方法主要依據經典分類學(表型特征)方法,因此利用表型結合基因型的研究方法對中國地圖衣屬地衣開展分類學研究具有重要意義。
本研究采用表型(形態學、解剖學和化學)結合基因型(ITS序列)的方法對地圖衣屬地衣物種進行分類學鑒定,目的是明確地圖衣屬部分物種的分類地位,為建立更趨自然合理的分類系統提供數據支持;探討該屬部分物種表型與基因型的對應關系,為進一步研究地圖衣屬提供可參考資料;整理世界范圍內Badioatrum group物種檢索表,為該類群的研究提供基礎資料。
1"材料與方法
地衣標本采自四川省甘孜藏族自治州和涼山彝族自治州,保存在山東師范大學植物標本館(SDNU)和中國科學院昆明植物研究所地衣標本館(KUN-L)中。
利用體視顯微鏡(Olympus SZX16)對地衣的外形特征(包括地衣體的顏色、厚度,子囊盤的形態、顏色和大小等)進行研究并拍照記錄,利用光學顯微鏡(Olympus BX61)對標本的解剖學特征進行觀察并拍照記錄,如子實上層、子實層、囊層基和果殼的顏色,厚度以及晶體分布情況。皮層和髓層的顯色反應則是利用K試劑(10% 氫氧化鉀溶液)、C試劑(次氯酸鈉飽和溶液),IKI試劑(10% Lugol’s碘液)和P試劑(對苯二胺在95%乙醇中的飽和溶液)進行檢測。地衣的次生代謝產物則是利用薄層層析法(thin layer chromatography techniques, TLC)在B系統中進行檢測(Culberson amp; Kristinsson, 1970;Culberson, 1972)。
利用Sigma-Aldrich DNA提取試劑盒按照操作說明提取每份標本的基因組,提取的DNA模板可以長期保存于-20 ℃。使用真菌特異性引物ITS1F(Gardes amp; Bruns, 1993)和ITS4(White et al., 1990)對每份樣本的ITS序列進行PCR擴增,PCR設置程序如下:首先,95 ℃預變性2 min;然后,35個循環(94 ℃變性20 s,53 ℃退火60 s,72 ℃延伸2 min);最后,72 ℃延伸15 min,最終產物在4 ℃進行保存。獲得的PCR產物送上海博尚生物技術有限公司進行純化和測序。測序獲得的單端序列使用SeqMan(Swindell amp; Plasterer, 1997)進行校正和拼接,在GenBank中下載地圖衣屬相關序列,構建系統發育樹,用MAFFT v. 7(Katoh et al., 2009)進行序列比對,使用Gblocks V0.19b(Talavera amp; Castresana, 2007)去除比對過程中產生的模糊序列。通過jModelTest 2(Darriba et al., 2012)檢驗并選擇貝葉斯法(Bayesian inference, BI)最佳分析模型,最大似然法(maximum likelihood, ML)使用RAxML v. 8.2.6(Stamatakis, 2014),以1 000次重復計算自展法(bootstrap)評估各分支的支持率,并在Cipres Science Gateway(http://www.phylo.org)網站運行最大似然法和貝葉斯法分析。運算生成的進化樹文件使用FigTree v.1.4.3查看和調整。自展值(bootstrap probability,BP)大于75%或貝葉斯后驗概率(posterior probability, PP)大于0.95的分支認為可信。
2"結果與分析
2.1 分子分析結果
新產生的4條地圖衣屬ITS序列與GenBank已下載的23條參考序列比對、去除模糊序列后形成包括27個物種的546個位點矩陣。比對ML樹與BI樹,有相同的拓撲結構,因此文中僅展示ML樹,將BI樹的后驗概率標記在節點的分支處的自展值之后(圖1)。
本研究中的新物種已在Fungal Names網站(https://nmdc.cn/fungalnames) 注冊, 新產生的序列已上傳保存至GenBank(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank)。
2.2 物種描述
四川地圖衣(圖2)
Rhizocarpon sichuanense Y.M. Zhang, L. Hu amp; W. C. Wang sp. nov. "圖2 (A-J)
FN571638
Diagnosis: This species is similar to Rhizocarpon cinereonigrum Vain. but differs by the large brown ascospores, areolate to subsquamulose thallus, grey-brown areolae, and the presence of barbatic acid.
Etymology: The epithet ‘sichuanense’ refers to Sichuan Province, where this species was found.
Typus: China,Sichuan, Garze Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Kangding City, Ertaizi Zhongqiao, 30°02′34.24″ N, 101°49′53.27″ E, 3 752 m alt., on rock, 29 April 2021, Ling Hu, et al., 20210551 (SDNU-holotypus).
Description: Thallus crustose, areolate to subsquamulose, generally up to 5 cm diam, sometimes larger, areoles brown to grey-brown, flat to slightly convex, matt, scattered on prothallus, round or angular, up to 0.75 mm diam, 0.1-0.5 mm thick, cracks usually present on the areolae, epruinose to faintly pruinose. Upper cortex brown, dull, smooth, without an epinecral layer, 12-20 μm high, containing crystals. Lower cortex black brown, without crystals. Photobiont layer continuous, 65-95 μm high; photobiont chlorococcoid, algal cells 10-15 μm diam. Prothallus distinct, black.Prothallus well developed, black, distinct between the areolae and along the margin.
Apothecia black, lecideine, 0.2-0.9 mm diam, round or angular between the areoles, sessile on the black prothallus; disc flat to concave, scabrid, epruinose; proper margin 50-100 μm thick, persistent, above or the same level as the disc, concolourous with the disc, epruinose to faintly pruinose, sparingly shiny; exciple 50-100 μm thick, deep brown to black at the rim; inner part red-brown, containing crystals dissolved in K, the radiating hyphae 4-6 μm wide; hymenium colorless, 80-135 μm tall, paraphyses septate, branched and anastomosing ca. 2.5 μm thick in mid-hymenium and 3-4(-5) μm thick apically; epihymenium pale brown to deep brown, K+ pale violet-red, to 25 μm thick, without crystals, K-; hypothecium black brown, without crystals, K-; asci clavate, Rhizocarpon-type, 8-spored; ascospores soon becoming dark brown, 1-septate, ellipsoid or oblong, halonate, [(27-)32-42.5] μm × [12.5-17.5(-20)] μm, length/width ratio (1.4-)1.7-2.1(-2.2).
Chemistry: Medulla I-, K-, C-, KC-, P-; barbatic acid (TLC).
Distribution and habitat: The new species is known from Sichuan Province, on huge granite stones, between 2 731 m and 3 752 m altitude, growing with Rhizocarpon geographicum, Dermatocarpon sp. and Aspicilia sp. It is only known in China up to now.
Additional specimens examined: China, Sichuan Province, Garze Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Luding County, Mt.Yajiageng, on the rock, 29°54′10.19″ N, 101°59′59.64″ E, alt. 3 946 m, 27 April 2021, Ling Hu et al., 20210102 (SDNU); China, Sichuan Province, Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Huili County, on the rock, 26°47′22.89″ N, 102°12′18.58″ E, alt. 3 648 m, 23 April 2021,Ling Hu et al., 20210837 (SDNU). China, Sichuan Province, Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Puge County, on the rock, 27°35′5.63″ N, 102°22′47.40″ E, alt. 3 622 m, 13 September 2021, X.Y. Wang et al., XY21-418 (KUN 80845)
Remarks: Rhizocarpon sichuanense is characterized by its saxicolous, scattered grey-brown and areolate to subsquamulose thallus, a distinct black prothallus, large 1-septate brown ascospores and the presence of barbatic acid. R. cinereonigrum is similar to this new species but the fomer has smaller ascospores (25-36 μm long) and produces stictic acid in thallus (Thomson, 1967). Phylogenetic trees (Fig. 2) indicate that the new species is close to R. badioatrum (Spreng.) Th. Fr., also has brown epihymenium K+ violet and 1-septate brown ascospores, but R. badioatrum has a dark brown and more continuous thallus with diffractaic acid or without secondary products (Timdal amp; Holtan-Hartwig, 1988). Among all [JP+2]of the non-yellow Rhizocarpon species with 1-septate
A. 髓層碘反應: 0=無反應, 1=變藍; B. 子實上層K反應: 0=無反應, 1=變紫紅色, 2=有或無紫紅色; C. 子囊內孢子數目: 1=8孢, 2=2孢, 3=1孢; D. 孢子類型: 1=磚壁型, 2=具1橫隔; E. 孢子顏色: 1=無色, 2=棕色/綠色, 3=幼時無色成熟時顏色加深; F. Rhizocarpic acid: 0=無, 1=有, 2=有或無; G. Psoromic acid: 0=無, 1=有, 2=有或無; H. Barbartic acid: 0=無, 1=有, 2=有或無; I. Diffractic acid: 0=無, 1=有, 2=有或無; J. Gyrophoric acid: 0=無, 1=有, 2=有或無; K. Norstictic acid: 0=無, 1=有, 2=有或無; L. Stictic acid: 0=無, 1=有, 2=有或無。每個分支的左側數值表示自展值(BS),右側數值代表貝葉斯后驗概率(PP),本結果僅顯示自展值大于75或后驗率大于0.95的數值。該系統發育樹中的外類群為地圖衣科中的瘤衣屬。黃色背景為地圖衣亞屬的物種,橙色背景為褐地衣體亞屬的物種,紅色標記的序列由本研究新產生。核苷酸替代率為0.05。
A. Medulla I+ or I-: 0=none, 1=I+ blue; B. Epihymenium K+ or K-: 0=none, 1=K+ violet, 2=none or K+ violet; C. Spore number: 1=8 per ascus, 2=2 per ascus, 3=1 per ascus; D. Spore type: 1=mudiform, 2=1-septa; E. Spore colour: 1= colourless, 2= brown or green, 3= colourless when young and dark when mature; F. Rhizocarpic acid: 0=none, 1=presence, 2=none or presence; G. Psoromic acid: 0=none, 1=presence, 2=none or presence; H. Barbartic acid: 0=none, 1=presence, 2=none or presence; I. Diffractic acid: 0=none, 1=presence, 2=none or presence; J. Gyrophoric acid: 0=none, 1=presence, 2=none or presence; K. Norstictic acid: 0=none, 1=presence, 2=none or presence; L. Stictic acid: 0=none, 1=presence, 2=none or presence. The number in each node represents bootstrap support (BS) and posterior probability (PP) values. BS values≥75 (left) and PP values≥0.95 (right) are plotted on the branches. The phylogenetic tree is rooted to Catolechia of Rhizocarpaceae. The sequences in yellow background shows the species belong Rhizocarpon subg. Rhizocarpon, the orange background shows the species belong to Rhizocarpon subg. Phaeothallus, the sequences of taxa in red color are newly generated for this study. The nucleotide scale in 0.05 substitution per site.
A. 模式種產地,康定市二臺子中橋,分布在318國道兩側山丘中的巖石上; B. 地衣體灰棕色,裂片分散,呈亞鱗葉狀; C.子囊盤縱切片; D. 果殼里有晶體分布; E. 果殼內晶體溶于K試劑; F. 子囊; G. 子囊頂器碘反應; H. 側絲分枝且粘合; I. 子囊孢子棕色1隔,具暈圈; J. TLC檢測含巴巴酸(左為標樣在日光下硫酸顯色; 中為新種在365 nm光下硫酸顯色; 右為新種在日光下硫酸顯色)。標尺: B = 0.5 mm; C-E = 100 μm; F-I = 20 μm。
A. Type locality, Ertaizizhongqiao County, Kangding City, typical habitat is distributed on stones in the hills off Highway 318; B. Grey-brown thallus with scattered areoles, apothecia and subsquamulose areoles; C. Vertical sections of apothecia in water; D. Showing crystals in excipulum refracting polarized light; E. Showing crystals dissolved in K; F. Ascus; G. Amyloid reaction of ascus; H. Showing branched and anastomosing paraphyses; I. 1-septate brown ascospores with haloe; J. Barbatic aicd detected by TLC ( On the left, the standard sample is sulfuric acid color under sunlight; in the middle, the new species is sulfuric acid color under 365 nm light; on the right, the new species is sulfuric acid color under sunlight ). Scales: B = 0.5 mm; C-E = 100 μm; F-I = 20 μm.
brown ascospores, R. sichuanense has the largest ascospores (32-42.5 μm long), R. badioatrum and R. cinereonigrum have smaller ascospores (25-36 μm long); the second is R. sinense (30-40 μm long), and other species are even smaller (less than 30 μm long) (Fletcher et al., 2009). Therefore, combined with the above-mentioned morphological characteristics, we identified R. sichuanense as a new species.
主要特征:該種與Rhizocarpon cinereonigrum Vain.相似,但是區別在于該種的孢子較大,地衣體龜裂至亞鱗葉狀,裂片表面灰棕色,次生代謝產物為巴巴酸。
詞源:新種的種加詞‘sichuanense’指該種模式發現的地點為四川省。
主模式:中國,四川省,甘孜藏族自治州,康定市,二臺子中橋,30°02′34.24″ N,101°49′53.27″ E,3 752 m,石生,2021-04-29,胡玲等,20210551(SDNU-holotypus)。
形態學描述:地衣體殼狀,表面龜裂至鱗葉狀,直徑通常可達5 cm。地衣體裂片棕色或灰棕色,平整或者略有凸起,在前地衣體上分散排列,呈圓形或具棱角,直徑可達0.75 mm,厚度為0.1~0.5 mm,裂片表面粗糙,通常有細微裂縫分布,無粉霜或略有輕微粉霜分布。上皮層棕色,暗淡,平整,無膠質層分布,高度為12~20 μm,有晶體分布。下皮層深棕色,無晶體分布。藻層連續,高度為65~95 μm;共生藻為球形綠藻,藻細胞直徑為10~15 μm。前地衣體黑色,發育良好,分布在地衣體裂片間或裂片邊緣。
[JP+2]子囊盤黑色,網衣型,直徑為0.2~0.9 mm,圓形或具棱角,分布在地衣體裂片之間,貼生于黑色的前地衣體之上;盤面平整至凹陷,略粗糙,無粉霜;果殼較厚,明顯可見,厚度為50~100 μm,比盤面略高或與盤面同高度,顏色與盤面相同,均為黑色,無或略有粉霜分布,極少有光澤;果殼外緣著色較深,為深棕色至黑色,果殼內部著色較淺,為紅棕色,有可溶于K試劑的晶體分布,果殼內部菌絲呈輻射狀,寬度為 4~6 μm;子實層通常無色,高度為80~135 μm;側絲分隔,粘合且分枝,側絲中部菌絲細胞約為2.5 μm厚,側絲頂部菌絲細胞3~4(~5)μm厚;子實上層淺棕色至深棕色,K反應呈淺紫羅蘭色,厚度可達25 μm,無晶體分布,K-;囊層基棕色,無晶體分布,K-;子囊棒狀,子囊頂器類型為地圖衣型(Rhizocarpon-type),子囊內含8個孢子;子囊孢子成熟時快速變成深棕色,具有1橫隔,橫隔處略有縊縮,橢圓形至長橢圓形,具暈圈,[(27~)32~42.5] "μm×[12.5~17.5(~20)] μm,長/寬為(1.4~)1.7~2.1(~2.2)。
化學特征:髓層I-、K-、C-、KC-、P-;TLC法檢測到巴巴酸(barbatic acid)。
分布和生境:該種采自四川省,通常分布在巨大的花崗巖上,海拔范圍在2 731~3 752 m之間,與Rhizocarpon geographicum、Dermatocarpon sp. 和Aspicilia sp. 等地衣物種生長在一起。目前為止,該種僅見于中國。
其他引證標本:中國,四川省,甘孜藏族自治州,瀘定縣,雅家梗山,3 946 m,石生,2021-04-27,胡玲等,20210102(SDNU);中國,四川省,涼山彝族自治州,會理縣,3 648 m,石生,2021-04-23,胡玲等,20210837(SDNU);中國,四川省,涼山彝族自治州,普格縣,3 622 m,石生,2021-09-13,王欣宇等,XY21-418(KUN 80845)。
討論:該新種主要特征是地衣體石生,龜裂至亞鱗葉狀,裂片分散分布,表面灰棕色;下地衣體黑色,明顯;孢子較大,具1橫隔,地衣體中的次級代謝產物為巴巴酸。Rhizocarpon cinereonigrum與該新種相似,但是前者的孢子通常較小(長度為25~36 μm),并且地衣體中的次級代謝產物為斑點酸(stictic acid)(Thomson, 1967)。系統發育分析結果表明該新種與R. badioatrum (Spreng.) Th. Fr.進化距離較近,后者也具有棕色的子實上層,并且K反應也為紫紅色,孢子也為棕色具1橫隔,但是R. badioatrum的地衣體裂片通常連續分布,并且地衣體顏色較深,為深棕色,前地衣體通常分布在地衣體邊緣,孢子較小,(23~36) μm × (13~16) "μm,次級代謝產物為地弗地衣酸(diffractaic acid)(Timdal amp; Holtan-Hartwig, 1988)。此外,R. sinense Zahlbr.的孢子也較大[(30~40) μm×(10~15) μm)]且具1橫隔,但是該種地衣體著色較深,為深棕色,表面具光澤,有膠質層分布,次級代謝產物為三苔色酸(gyrophoric acid)(C+紅色),子囊盤為埋生,孢子為橄欖棕色(Zahlbruckner, 1930)。
目前,在褐地衣體亞屬里,孢子棕色且具1橫隔的物種(Badioatrum group)中,孢子最大的是R. sichuanense(長度為32~42.5 μm),其次為R. sinense(長度為30~40 μm),R. badioatrum和R. cinereonigrum的孢子相對較小(長度為25~36 μm),而其他物種的孢子更小(長度小于30 μm)(Fletcher et al., 2009)。因此,根據以上的形態學、解剖學、化學以及分子生物學結果,我們認為該新種成立。
此外,本研究通過結合表型與基因型特征進行分析發現,在亞屬水平的劃分上,地圖衣亞屬和褐地衣體亞屬的物種并不能形成單獨的進化分枝,而是前者包含于后者之中,由此可見,Thomson(1997)僅依據地衣體的顏色以及是否產生rhizocarpic acid對地圖衣屬進行劃分并不合理,同樣的研究結果在McCune等(2016)和Davydov等(2017)中均有發現。在種間或者類群(group)水平的劃分上,我們發現地圖衣亞屬的物種表型與基因型特征基本符合,即根據孢子的大小、分隔類型以及髓層碘反應劃分的Superficiale group、Viridiatrum group和Geographicum group這3個類群的物種各自形成了單獨的進化分枝。然而,在褐地衣體亞屬中,尤其是Badioatrum group的物種并沒有聚集到一起,而是R. sichuanense與R. badioatrum,R. copelandii與R. jemtlandicum各自聚成一個進化分枝,R. rittokense單獨形成一個分枝,由此可見,對褐地衣體亞屬尤其是Badioatrum group的劃分,不能僅依據孢子的顏色和分隔類型進行劃分,還應結合化學特征和子實上層K反應進行綜合研究。下一步應繼續增加地圖衣屬物種序列,綜合表型與基因型特征,進一步探討該屬的屬下、種間的劃分依據,以期建立更趨合理自然的分類系統。
世界Badioatrum group物種檢索表
1.地衣體棕色,裂片表面凹陷呈臍葉狀,有膠質層分布,髓層I-,孢子(20~24) μm × (10~15) μm,含巴巴酸
R. rittokense (Hellb.) Th. Fr.
1.地衣體裂片非臍葉狀,表面平整或凸起呈球形2
2.地衣體表面有衣癭分布(由第二光合共生物與共生真菌構成)R. hensseniae Brodo
2.地衣體表面無衣癭分布3
3.子囊孢子通常較小,長度為12~22 μm4
3.子囊孢子較大,長度為22~42 μm8
4.髓層呈黃色,含地圖衣酸R. flavomedullosum Elix amp; P. M. McCarthy
4.髓層白色,不含地圖衣酸5
5.髓層I-,子實上層深藍色,K-,孢子較小,(12~15) "μm × (7~7.5) μmR. alaxense J. W. Thomson
5.髓層I+藍色6
6.地衣體含有布爾吉尼克酸,孢子長度為15~24 μmR. vigilans P. M. McCarthy amp; Elix
6.地衣體有或無三苔色酸,孢子較小,長度12~16 μm7
7.地衣體缺失或發育不良,子實上層棕黑色,子實層淺紅色,孢子棕色,(12.5~20) "μm × (5~7.5) μm,不含化學物質R. umense (H. Magn.) A. Nordin
7.地衣體發育較好,子實上層棕色,子實層無色,孢子為橄欖綠或棕色,(12.5~16) "μm × (6.5~7.5) μm,有或無三苔色酸R. simillimum (Anzi) Lettau
8.子實上層橄欖棕色至墨綠色,K-,分布可溶于K試劑的晶體9
8.子實上層紅棕色至深棕色,K+紫紅色,無晶體分布10
9.地衣體淺灰色至深灰色或深棕色,裂片直徑約1 mm,表面無粉霜,有或無光澤,平整或呈球狀凸起;髓層K+黃色,K±紅色(含有斑點酸,±降斑點酸)R. copelandii (K?rb.) Th. Fr.
9.地衣體深棕色,裂片直徑可達1.5 mm,表面通常有灰色粉霜,無光澤,平整或略有凸起,連續分布;髓層K+黃色,只含斑點酸R. jemtlandicum Malme
10.髓層K+黃色,只含斑點酸,孢子(28~38) μm × (12~18) μmR. cinereonigrum Vain.
10.髓層K-,不含斑點酸11
11.地衣體含有三苔色酸,孢子橄欖棕色,(35~40) μm × (10~15) μmR. sinense Zahlbr
11.地衣體不含有三苔色酸12
12.地衣體裂片連續分布,前地衣體通常分布在地衣體邊緣,孢子較小,(23~36) "μm × (13~16) μm,含有地弗地衣酸或無化學物質R. badioatrum (Fl?rke ex Spreng.) Th. Fr.
12.地衣體裂片呈分散分布,前地衣體通常分布在裂片之間,孢子較大,[(27~)32~42.5] μm × [12.5~17.5(~20)] μm,含有巴巴酸R. sichuanense Y. "M. Zhang, L. Hu amp; W. C. Wang
Key to species of Badioatrum group in the world
1.Thallus brown, composed of umbilicate areolaes with epinecral layer, medulla I-, ascospores (20-24) μm × (10-15) μm, containing barbatic acidR. rittokense (Hellb.) Th. Fr.
1. Thallus composed of plane or convex areolaes, never umbilicate2
2. Thallus cephalodiate (which composed of second photosynthetic symbiont and symbiotic fungus)R. hensseniae Brodo
2. Thallus not cephalodiate3
3. Ascospores small, 12-22 μm long4
3. Ascospores large, 22-42 μm long8
4. Medulla yellow above, containing rhizocarpic acidR. flavomedullosum Elix amp; P. M. McCarthy
4. Medulla white, not containing rhizocarpic acid5
5. Medulla I-, epihymenium black-blue, K-, ascospores (12-15) μm× (7-7.5) μmR. alaxense J. W. Thomson
5. Medulla I+blue6
6. Containing bourgeanic acid, ascospores 15-24 μm longR. vigilans P. M. McCarthy amp; Elix
6. Containing ±gyrophoric acid, ascospores small, 12-16 μm long7
7. Thallus reduced, epihymenium black brown, hymenium pale red, ascospores brown, (12.5-20) μm × (5-7.5) μm, containing no substanceR. umense (H. Magn.) A. Nordin
7. Thallus well developed, epihymenium brown, hymenium hyaline, ascospores olive-green or brown, (12.5-16) "μm × (6.5-7.5) μm, containing ± gyrophoric acidR. simillimum (Anzi) Lettau
8. Epihymenium olive-brown to green-black, K-, containing crystals dissolving in K9
8. Epihymenium red-brown to dark brown, K+ red, not containing crystals10
9. Thallus "pale grey to dark grey or dark brown, areolaes up to 1 mm diam, without pruina, dull or shiny, plane to bullate; medulla K+ yellow, K± red, containing stictic acid and ±norstictic acidR. copelandii (K?rb.) Th. Fr.
9. Thallus dark brown, areolae up to 1.5 mm diam, with faintly grey pruinose, dull, plane to weakly convex; medulla K+ yellow, containing stictic acid onlyR. jemtlandicum Malme
10. Medulla K+ yellow, containing stictic acid only, ascospores (28-38) μm × (12-18) μm
R. cinereonigrum Vain.
10. Medulla K-, not containing stictic acid11
11. Thallus containing gyrophoric acid, spore olive-brown, (35-40) μm × (10-15) μm
R. sinense Zahlbr
11. Thallus not containing gyrophoric acid12
12. Areoles continuous, prothallus present along the margin, ascospores smaller (23-36) μm × (13-16) μm, containing diffractaic acid or no substancesR. badioatrum (Fl?rke ex Spreng.) Th. Fr.
12. Areoles more or less scattered, prolthallus present between the areoles, ascospores [(27-)32-42.5] μm × [12.5-17.5(-20)] μm,containing barbatic acidR. sichuanense Y. M. Zhang, L. Hu amp; W. C. Wang
致謝"感謝中國科學院昆明植物研究所隱花植物標本館地衣多樣性實驗室王立松研究員和王欣宇副研究員在標本借閱中給予的大力支持。本論文得到山東省屬普通本科高校教師訪學研修經費資助。
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(責任編輯"鄧斯麗)
張彥猛等: 中國西南地區地圖衣屬一新種——四川地圖衣
收稿日期: "2023-11-10"接受日期: 2023-12-07
基金項目: "國家自然科學基金(31750001, 31900010)。
第一作者: 張彥猛(1998—),碩士研究生,主要研究方向為植物生態學,(E-mail) 2818872925@qq.com。
通信作者: "胡玲,博士,講師,研究方向為地衣分類學,(E-mail) hu_ling_123@163.com。