[摘要]"丙泊酚廣泛應用于臨床麻醉中,但在靜脈注射時常產生明顯的注射痛。選擇適當的方法預防和減輕丙泊酚注射痛、提高患者的滿意度是麻醉醫師需要解決的問題之一。本文檢索國內外主要數據庫,并對相關文獻進行回顧和總結,重點闡述多種藥物在防治丙泊酚注射痛中的最新研究進展,以期為臨床提供一定的理論依據。
[關鍵詞]"丙泊酚;注射痛;藥物;防治
[中圖分類號]"R614""""""[文獻標識碼]"A""""[DOI]"10.3969/j.issn.1673-9701.2024.09.029
丙泊酚又名異丙酚,是一種目前臨床上使用非常廣泛的靜脈麻醉藥物。丙泊酚常用于麻醉誘導和臨床診斷性操作中,具有起效快、誘導平穩、可控性強、消除快、患者術后惡心和嘔吐發生率低等優點,但其在靜脈注射時也會產生丙泊酚注射痛(propofol"injection"pain,PIP)[1-4]。PIP是臨床麻醉中極為常見的問題之一,發生率為28%~90%;在33項臨床麻醉不滿意結局中,PIP位居第7,常見于女性外周靜脈注射中,發生機制尚未完全明確[5-8]。靜脈大小、注射部位、注射速度、藥物濃度、藥物溫度及同時使用的藥物等是PIP發生的影響因素[9]。目前,臨床常采用物理技術、劑型改良、藥物等多種方法防治PIP,已證實上述手段均有一定的效果[10]。在眾多防治方法中,藥物防治PIP是臨床上最常用的方法。本文就PIP的藥物防治研究進展作一綜述。
1""局部麻醉藥物
局部麻醉藥物通過阻斷細胞膜上的鈉離子通道產生局部麻醉作用。利多卡因是一種中效局部麻醉藥,具有起效快、滲透力強、擴散范圍廣、血管擴張作用不明顯等特點。多項研究顯示,利多卡因可預防和緩解PIP[11-14]。Tian等[15]研究發現,預防性靜脈注射0.306mg/kg利多卡因可有效預防50%低體質量患者PIP的發生,且無不良反應。利多卡因與丙泊酚混合使用可有效減輕PIP癥狀,但二者混合使用可降低丙泊酚脂肪乳液的穩定性,從而導致麻醉性能降低[16]。
2""阿片類藥物
阿片類藥物通過作用于阿片類受體發揮中樞性鎮痛作用,選擇性地消除或緩解患者的痛覺。研究發現,舒芬太尼可有效預防PIP,但其可產生延遲性呼吸抑制等不良反應[17]。瑞芬太尼屬于短效阿片類藥物,具有起效迅速、藥效消失快等特點。Kim等[18]發現,瑞芬太尼3ng/ml靶控輸注預處理可有效減輕成人患者的PIP臨床癥狀,且此劑量的瑞芬太尼不會導致患者出現明顯的低血壓、心動過緩或胸壁僵硬等。研究發現,納布啡0.1mg/kg和0.15mg/kg預處理可有效緩解PIP[19-20]。地佐辛既可激動κ受體,又可拮抗μ受體,具有較強的鎮痛作用,小劑量地佐辛可使手術過程更加平穩,有效減輕患者術后腹痛所引起的煩躁感,且不會產生明顯的呼吸抑制等不良反應。張忠其等[21]研究發現,靜脈注射丙泊酚前60s時,給予患者靜脈注射地佐辛2mg,可緩解約95%女性患者的PIP癥狀。
3""非甾體抗炎藥
非甾體抗炎藥通過抑制環氧化酶的表達,降低前列腺素的合成,減少激肽級聯反應,具有消炎、鎮痛的作用[22]。在靜脈注射丙泊酚前,預給氟比洛芬酯可減少丙泊酚的使用劑量,且可穩定患者的血流動力學,提高麻醉質量,不良反應少[23]。另有研究發現,聯用氟比洛芬酯和利多卡因減輕PIP的效果優于單用氟比洛芬酯或利多卡因[24]。替諾昔康20mg預處理亦可有效降低PIP的發生率,緩解其嚴重程度[25]。
4""α2腎上腺素受體激動劑
右美托咪定是一種選擇性較高的α2腎上腺素受體激動劑,兼具鎮靜催眠、鎮痛、抗焦慮等作用[26-28]。練勝強等[29]研究發現,右美托咪定在胃鏡檢查時滴鼻使用可減輕PIP,也可減少丙泊酚的使用劑量,不良反應少,使用方法簡便。小劑量(<0.5μg/kg)右美托咪定預防PIP的效果好,且不會增加不良反應的發生率[30];右美托咪定聯合氟比洛芬酯也可有效降低PIP的發生率[31]。
5""其他麻醉藥物
氯胺酮通過阻斷血管內皮細胞N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受體發揮局部麻醉作用。Seifu等[32]研究發現小劑量氯胺酮可有效緩解PIP;嚴重高血壓、癲癇及精神病等患者禁用氯胺酮。艾司氯胺酮是一種右旋體氯胺酮,具有更強的鎮痛作用,其用量僅為氯胺酮的1/2,且有益于患者術中的循環穩定性[33]。研究發現,其抑制PIP的半數有效劑量為0.135mg/kg,95%有效劑量為0.170mg/kg[34]。瑞馬唑侖是一種起效快、失效快的苯二氮?類鎮靜劑,其預處理可減輕PIP的發生和強度,與利多卡因相當,且無嚴重不良反應[35]。硫噴妥鈉因不良反應,目前臨床上已很少使用。此外,曲馬多是一種非阿片類中樞性鎮痛藥,也可有效緩解PIP,且有生命體征平穩、不良反應少等優點,但其可能導致惡心、嘔吐,可通過稀釋曲馬多的濃度和減緩給藥速度防止不良反應的發生[36]。
6""其他藥物
止嘔藥物(如昂丹司瓊)通過拮抗5-羥色胺受體發揮作用。既往研究表明,昂丹司瓊、帕洛諾司瓊等可減輕部分PIP,同時可預防術后惡心、嘔吐的發生[37-38]。糖皮質激素藥如地塞米松,其皮質類固醇的作用已被證明可減少一氧化氮的產生,從而減輕注射痛[2]。但臨床工作中應嚴格規范使用糖皮質激素。研究發現,格拉司瓊(1mg)和地塞米松(0.15mg/kg)預處理可降低PIP的發生率并減輕嚴重程度[39]。另有研究發現,100ml"6%羥乙基淀粉預給藥也可緩解注射痛[40]。但需注意膠體液可增加患者發生過敏的風險。
7""小結
PIP是臨床常見問題之一,其機制尚未完全明確。PIP往往使患者情緒緊張并產生恐懼心理。研究證實多種藥物可用于預防和減輕PIP,但仍無法徹底消除PIP。如何在更大程度上預防和減輕PIP是臨床麻醉醫師需要解決的問題。在臨床工作中,結合患者的個體差異,根據各種藥物的適應證和禁忌證,合理選擇藥物防治PIP,減輕患者麻醉時的痛苦,增加患者的舒適感和滿意度。
利益沖突:所有作者均聲明不存在利益沖突。
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(收稿日期:2023–09–13)
(修回日期:2024–03–02)