傅娜

《義務教育英語課程標準(2022年版)》提出了培養和發展學生的語言能力、學習能力、思維品質和文化意識的學科核心素養,落實立德樹人根本任務的課程目標。深度學習是關注學生深層理解,促進學生核心素養發展的學習方式,是落實立德樹人根本任務的重要途徑。但在實踐教學中,一些教師由于對課堂深度學習理解片面而產生認識誤區,導致課堂教學形式化、碎片化、淺層化及表面化問題突出,課堂效率不高。
一、對課堂深度學習的認識誤區
1.重學生主體,輕教師主導
在滬教牛津版(深圳用)五年級下冊Unit 6 “Holidays”Ask and answer的拓展環節,授課教師設計了以下拓展活動:Talk and share your summer holiday plans with your classmates.學生小組交流后分享展示了各自的暑假計劃,提出了這些問題:
Where will you go this summer holiday?
Who will go there with you?
How do you get there?
Where will you stay?
How long will you stay there?
What will you do there?
在此案例中,學生看似能聯系現實生活,模仿課本語言知識創編暑假計劃的對話,語言內容生動、豐富,學生較好地內化了目標語言,但因缺乏教師的積極有效引導,學生所討論的內容僅限于旅行計劃,未能拓展思維,學生只是簡單地習得課本的淺層知識與技能,未能實現真正意義的深度學習。
2.重高階思維,輕低階思維
《攀登英語閱讀系列·分級閱讀第三級》“I Want to Move”,講述了兔子Tom搬家的故事,Tom三次想搬家,遭遇了各種麻煩與難題,在它最無助的時候,爸媽及時出現并把它帶回了家,它意識到家才是最溫暖的港灣。語言能力目標是學生能在問題的引導和圖片提示下,正確理解故事大意和關鍵信息。教師先帶領學生讀圖了解文本大意,完成文本挖空練習,之后提出開放性問題。
T: What do you think of Toms parents?
Ss: They are great and nice. They follow Tom all the way and appear immediately when Tom is in trouble.
They are selfless. They encourage and support Tom to move.
T: So excellent! So what can we learn from the story?
Ss: Dont move. It is dangerous outside.
Parents are great and kind. They always give us warmness when we are sad or in trouble.
East or west, home is the best.
此案例中,教師還未激活和聯結學生的已知,學生的低階思維能力還未得到充分發展,教師就提出開放性的問題來評價和遷移,導致學生的回答受限,拘于常規理解,學生評價與批判的高階思維能力未得到開發。
3.重教學難度,輕學習深度
在五年級下冊Unit 11 “Chinese festivals”Culture corner板塊的拓展環節,授課教師讓學生閱讀介紹西方節日的繪本,然后,學生開展角色扮演并介紹西方國家是如何慶祝這些節日的。學生四人一組做采訪創編對話:
Where are you from?
Whens Easter/ Halloween/ Thanksgiving/ Christmas Day?
What do you do on Easter/ Halloween/ Thanksgiving/ Christmas Day?
How do you feel on Easter/ Halloween/ Thanksgiving/ Christmas Day?
進而提煉本節課的主題意義:Different countries, different customs.
在實際演練中,由于該話題遠離學生的生活實際,且學生還未能充分理解并學會運用課本語言知識,很難順利進行語言輸出。這樣大大增加了語言學習的難度,學生不會表達,不敢表達,挫敗感逐漸增強,英語學習的興趣和自信心逐漸降低。
二、深度學習視域下的課堂教學改進策略
1.注重教師引導作用,發揮學生主體地位
在學習過程中,教師要給予學生充分思考、討論和交流的時間和空間,并通過搭建學習支架、繼續追問、及時點撥、引導啟發等教學手段,促進師生、生生之間的互動,實現學生對知識的自主建構、遷移應用。針對案例1的對話活動,教師可通過合理有效的引導,豐富學生關于暑假計劃安排的對話內容。教師與學生問答如下:
T: Children, last class we have learned the Lissummer holiday plans. What about yours? Lets say and share together.
Ss: Ill go to Beijing.
Ill go to Xian.
T: Good! Many of you have a travel plan. Can you think and say what else will you do this summer holiday?
Ss: Ill go to my hometown. Ill do many interesting things such as: go fishing, grow vegetables, feed chicks and ducks.
Ill have swimming lessons.
Ill read some books.
T: Oh, sounds great. You have so many plans for summer holiday. Now lets talk and share your summer holiday plans with your partners.
S1: Mandy, summer holiday is coming. What will you do this summer holiday?
S2: Ill have dancing class. Then Ill go to Beijing with my parents.
S1: Cool! How will you get there?
S2: We will get there by plane.
教師通過追問“What else will you do this summer holiday?”引導學生從文本教材走向生活實際,使學生的語言表達不僅局限于課本知識,而且結合現實生活,創造性地遷移運用所學語言,實現了深度學習。更重要的是,教師引導學生學會合理地制定、安排假期計劃,使假期生活變得有意義且豐富多彩,實現了學科的育人目標。
2.精簡低階思維活動,聚焦高階思維發展
低階思維能力和高階思維能力是一個統一的整體。低階思維層次的活動是進行高階思維活動的基礎。教師可通過設計假設性問題,激活學生已知,引導學生聯系現實生活,進行批判性思考。例如對案例2可以這樣處理:
T: If you are Toms parents, what will you do?
S1: I will encourage him to go outside and have a try. When he really encounters difficulties, he will learn something by himself.
S2: I will support him, but I will follow him all the way silently.
S3: I will not let him move because he is too young to deal with the troubles he meets.
S4: I will not let him go outside because I will feel lonely and disappointed.
接著,教師引導學生對Tom父母進行評價:What do you think of Toms parents?此時學生的評價呈現多元化,不僅會表達父母的愛是無私的、偉大的,同時也是自私的。
然后,教師繼續追問:If you have difficulties in life, what will you do?
學生的觀點如下:
Ill relieve stress by listening to music, having a big dinner or doing sports.
Ill talk with my friends or parents and ask for their advice.
Ill have a travelling plan and relax myself.
3.遵循教學規律,實現深度學習
深度學習的“深”并不是指增加教學內容的難度,而是建立在學生理解語言知識的基礎上,通過創設真實情境,幫助學生體驗與反思。對于案例3的拓展環節,教師可以這樣組織學生小組討論自己國家的傳統節日:
S1: Whens the Spring Festival/ Dragon Boat Festival/ Mid-Autumn Festival/ Double Ninth Festival?
S2: Its in...or...
S1: Hows the weather like at the Spring Festival/ Dragon Boat Festival/…?
S2: Its...
S1: What do you usually do at the Spring Festival/ Dragon Boat Festival/ …?
S2: I/ We usually...
教師引導學生把課本語言知識與生活經驗鏈接,這種由文本走向現實生活的對話方式,使學生樂于表達,勇于表達,在快樂學習的同時學會運用目標語言介紹中國的傳統節日,達到育人目的。
接著,教師設問啟思:Why do we eat fish and dumplings or use red things at the Spring Festival?Why do we have a big dinner at the Spring Festival?...引導學生提煉主題意義:加深對中華優秀傳統文化的認識與熱愛,了解并尊重傳統民俗文化。這樣基于學生的生活經驗提煉主題意義,遵循了教學規律,引導學生從理解走向表達,真正實現了深度學習。
責任編輯 魏文琦