周慧娟 張夏南 周訊 蘇明申 杜紀紅 李雄偉 張明昊 葉正文
摘? ? 要:桃常溫放置易腐爛變質,長期的低溫冷藏易導致果肉褐變、風味喪失、抗病性降低、有害物質積累等,是桃產業鏈的關鍵性采后問題。前人研究表明,采后品質劣變癥狀及相關代謝酶、蛋白、基因對果實衰老和調控技術表現出應答差異性,為了解研究概況,筆者對采后品質劣變生物學、調控技術、技術和產品的產業化應用等方面的研究進展進行歸納和分析。目前,采后品質劣變生物學主要局限于質地、內在品質和冷害及相關基因的挖掘和驗證,調控技術雖然被廣泛研究,但仍未解決長期冷藏導致的果實抗病性降低、風味喪失和貨架期縮短的問題。建議后續基于多組學技術,從超微結構、糖和能量、揮發性物質、內源激素、采后冷害和病害及基因甲基化等方面進行機制解析,重點從冷鏈物流體系和抗病防御系統的建立、保鮮劑的研發及配套技術、終端貨架和外源激素破休眠技術等方面開展研究。
關鍵詞:桃;品質劣變;采后生物學;調控技術
中圖分類號:S662.1 文獻標志碼:A 文章編號:1009-9980(2024)06-1213-15
Advances in postharvest biology and regulation techniques for prevention of fruit quality deterioration in peach
ZHOU Huijuan1, 2, ZHANG Xianan1, 2, ZHOU Xun1, 3, SU Mingshen1, 2, DU Jihong1, 2, LI Xiongwei1, 2, ZHANG Minghao1, 2, YE Zhengwen1, 2*
(1Forest and Fruit Tree Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China; 2Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai 201403, China; 3 Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, Hubei, China)
Abstract: The total area of peach cultivation in our country is 100 hectares, and more than 80% are produced for fresh sales. Peaches are easy to deteriorate at room temperature, long-term cold storage can result in internal browning (IB), loss of flavor, reduction of disease resistance and accumulation of harmful substances, which are all the key postharvest problems in peach industry. With the upgrading of varieties and the flesh texture diversification of peach [melting (MF), non-melting flesh (NMF), stony hard (SH), and slow ripening (SR)], postharvest quality deterioration symptoms as well as related metabolic enzymes, proteins and genes show different responses to fruit senescence and regulation techniques. To understand the research situation, the author has summarized and analyzed the research progress of postharvest quality deterioration biology, regulation technology, industrial application of fresh-keeping products and technologies, and also put forward the shortcomings and development trends. At present, the biology of postharvest quality deterioration is mainly limited to the excavation and verification in functional proteins and genes of fruit texture, internal quality and chilling injury (CI). Fruit softening is a complex process, including cell wall degradation, ethylene metabolism and other metabolic changes. Among them, the gene PpPG is a biomarker of fruit softening and cell wall degradation, and ethylene is the direct factor that leads to fruit softening. Ethylene response factors like PpERF/ABR1 and PpERF61 can also regulate ethylene biosynthesis and fruit softening by activating the promoter of PpPG genes and ripening-related genes. Sugar loss, energy deficiency, active oxygen accumulation, abnormal metabolism of endogenous hormones and gene methylation are the key factors leading to CI by affecting membrane system and ROS. Five structural genes (PpSS, PpINV, PpMGAM, PpFRK and PpHXK) and eight transcription factors (PpMYB1/3, PpMYB-related 1, PpWRKY4, PpBZIP 1/2/3 and PpbHLH2) jointly regulate the sugar metabolism and cold resistance. Down-regulating the expression of PpVIN2 can improve the sucrose content and inhibit CI, and PpeSOT3 may be a potential key gene affecting sorbitol metabolism and chilling resistance. Plant endogenous hormones such as ethylene, abscisic acid (ABA), β-aminobutyric acid (BABA) and salicylic acid (SA) also play an important role in regulating fruit senescence and CI. Postharvest disease is one of the key problems that cause post-harvest loss. Phomopsis sp., Botrytis cinerea, Colletotrichum siamense, Rhizopus sp., Fusarium sp. and Aspergillus sp. are the main pathogens causing postharvest rot. The decrease of lactone, ester and linalool contents and the accumulation of aldehyde and alcohol can be used as predictors of quality deterioration. The metabolism of lignin and aldehydes is the key metabolic pathway to regulate postharvest diseases. Based on the above background, the following suggestions are put forward: (1) Reveal the relationships among cell wall ultrastructure, softening markers, factors affecting ethylene metabolism, as well as interaction mechanism. (2) Expound the regulation mechanism of sugars, acids (pay more attention to the regulation mechanism of sugar metabolism and energy. Acid is also the important substrate of postharvest metabolism that makes great contributions to fruit flavor, energy metabolism and cold resistance, however, its metabolic mechanism is seldom studied.) and volatile substances (especially the accumulation mechanism of alcohols and aldehydes) on postharvest quality. (3) Determine the regulation of cold resistance by sugar and energy metabolism, antioxidant system, endogenous hormones (especially key genes and related factors of ABA metabolism) and key genes methylation. (4) Disclose the mechanism of lignin metabolism and the accumulation of alcohols and aldehydes in the prediction and regulation of postharvest diseases, which can provide a theoretical foundation for the development and application of regulation technology. Temperature, 1-MCP, UV, gas, exogenous hormone and biocontrol bacteria treatment have been applied in peach storage. Among them, storage temperature is the first factor affecting the fresh-keeping efficacy. For example, near-freezing temperature (NFT), low temperature conditioning (LTC), intermittent warming (IW), heat shock treatment (HST) and cold shock treatment (CST) can prolong storage period by inhibiting fruit softening and enhancing the cold tolerance. 1-MCP has a significant regulatory effect on fruit softening, flavor loss, postharvest diseases, especially on softening, by reducing the activities of PG, PME and PEL, down-regulating the expression of PpPG1, 2, PpPME1, 2 and PpPEL1, 2 under different storage conditions. Proper concentration of gas and exogenous hormones can improve the cold resistance. CO2 and NO treatment can reduce CI and improve the cold resistance by regulating cell wall and lipid metabolism, such as by regulating the expression of LOX, ADH, FAD and related genes, activating the antioxidant system, and maintaining higher energy charge. Exogenous hormone treatment can also significantly improve the cold resistance during cold storage, among which MeJA, SA, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), melatonin (MT) and jasmonic acid (JA) have better effects. Although the postharvest storage technologies have been widely studied, it has not solved the problems of fruit disease resistance reduction, flavor loss and shelf life shortening caused by long-term cold storage, and its application in industry still has some limitations. It is suggested that the industrialization application of technologies and products should start from the followings in the future: (1) The establishment of cold chain logistics system for peach harvest, which integrates classification, packaging, pre-cooling, storage, transportation and shelf-life technical parameter. (2) The research and development of compound antistaling agent and the matching technologies, as well as combination of new antistaling agent with post-harvest packaging materials to improve the application of technology and products in industry. (3) The research and development of terminal shelf-life technology and exogenous hormone dormancy breaking technology, in order to solve the problem that the fruit shelf cannot break dormancy normally at room temperature after long-term low-temperature storage. (4) The establishment of cold resistance and disease prevention system technology and the breeding of cold-resistant varieties, in order to prolong the supply period of high-quality fresh peaches and solve the technical bottleneck problem of “the Belt and Road” (15-30 days ocean transportation and terminal shelf technology) of domestic fresh peaches.
Key words: Peach; Quality deterioration; Postharvest biology; Regulation techniques
據統計,2022年中國桃栽培總面積100 hm2,80%以上用于鮮食銷售[1]。桃果實采后常溫放置易腐爛變質,長期的低溫冷藏可導致果肉褐變、風味喪失、抗病性降低、有害物質積累等品質劣變癥狀,是桃產業中面臨的關鍵性采后問題[2]。隨著國內桃品種更新換代和肉質類型多元化(軟溶質、硬溶質、慢溶質、脆肉、不溶質等)的快速推進,采后品質劣變癥狀及相關代謝酶、蛋白、基因對不同肉質類型果實衰老和調控技術表現出應答差異性,致使桃果實品質劣變癥狀呈現多元化趨勢,鮮果貯藏保鮮與運輸面臨更多挑戰。解析桃采后品質劣變生物學基礎,開發與之匹配的品質調控技術和保鮮材料是桃產業減損增效、提升產品競爭力和促進產業可持續發展的重要環節。
近年來,國內外學者關于桃采后品質劣變生物學研究主要集中在果實質地[3-4]、糖酸[5-6]、揮發性物質[7-8]、內源激素[9-10]、抗氧化物質[11-12]及采后病害[13-14]等板塊,解析了品質劣變采后生物學機制,挖掘了關鍵功能基因和代謝通路,并進行了功能驗證。針對桃產業中存在的問題,基于采后生物學研究基礎,采后品質劣變調控技術被學者廣泛研究。其中1-甲環丙烯(1-methylcyclopropene,1-MCP)[15-17]、氣體[18-20]、溫度[21-22]、輻照[23-24]、外源激素[25-29]、生防菌[30-32]、植物精油[33-35]和酚酸類物質[36-38]處理均可有效緩解桃果實采后品質劣變進程,但仍未解決長期冷藏導致的果實抗病性降低、風味喪失和貨架期縮短的問題。目前,多數綜述局限于對果實采后質地和冷害的總結,為了解研究概況,筆者對采后品質劣變生物學、調控技術、技術和產品的產業化應用等方面的研究進展進行歸納和分析,提出了研究中存在的不足及發展趨勢,同時對未來的研究方向提出建議,以期為解析桃采后品質劣變機制、研發調控技術和保鮮材料提供理論依據和技術支撐,也為采后保鮮貯運技術的應用和物化提供新的觀點和思路。
1 桃采后生物學研究進展
1.1 果實質地變化
果實采后軟化是一個復雜的過程,包括細胞壁的降解、乙烯代謝及其他的代謝變化[39]。細胞壁中果膠的溶化及中膠層、胞間層的溶解和初生壁的破壞導致果實采后軟化;硬度與水溶性果膠含量呈負相關,與原果膠含量、原果膠指數(PI)呈正相關[3]。多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(polygalacturonase,PG)基因(PpPG)為桃果實軟化和細胞壁降解的生物標志物,其中,PpPG1和PpPG21、PpPG22分別是影響非溶質桃和溶質桃軟化的關鍵基因[40];多聚半乳糖醛酸酶抑制蛋白(polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein,PGIP1)基因(PpPGIP1)與液泡轉化酶(vacuolar invertase,VIN)基因(PpVIN2)通過互作抑制桃果實軟化[41]。乙烯是導致桃果實軟化的直接影響因子,可獨立誘導PpPG基因的表達而調控果實軟化[42];乙烯反應因子(ethylene response factor,PpERF/ABR1)可激活PpPG基因的啟動子、促進PpPG的表達,導致果實軟化[43];PpERF61可直接激活成熟相關基因或激活PpERF61-PpSEP1(a transcriptional activator)調控桃果實乙烯生物合成和質地變化[44];1-氨基環丙烷羧酸合成酶(1-aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid synthase,ACS)基因(PpACS1/4)、1-氨基環丙烷羧酸氧化酶(1-aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid oxidase,ACO)基因(PpACO1)[45]、ACO基因(AF319166)[46]、銅鋅超氧化物歧化酶基因(copper-zinc-superoxide dismutase gene,PpCuZnSOD)[47]、木葡聚糖內糖基轉移/水解酶3基因(xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase gene,PpXTH33)[48]可通過介導乙烯代謝間接調控果實采后軟化。除此之外,通過瞬時過表達桃醛酮還原酶基因(aldehyde ketoreductase gene,PrupeAKR2)可加速果實軟化[49]、沉默銅胺氧化酶基因(ketamine oxidase gene,PpCuAO4)[50]和9-順式環氧類胡蘿卜素雙加氧酶家族基因(9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase gene,PpNCED)[51]可減緩桃果實軟化,桃果肉中細胞色素82A(CYP450 82A)和UDP糖苷二磷酸葡萄糖-4-表異構酶1(UDP-arabinose 4- epimerase 1)的下調和甲基化亦可調控果實軟化[52]。
1.2 果實糖含量變化
果實采后糖代謝是一個復雜的過程,涉及多種途徑,主要包括蔗糖代謝、己糖代謝、山梨醇代謝和淀粉代謝。蔗糖合成酶基因(sucrose synthase gene,PpSS)、蔗糖磷酸合成酶基因(sucrose phosphate synthase gene,PpSPS)、蔗糖轉運蛋白基因(sucrose transporter gene,PpST)與果實采后蔗糖、果糖、葡萄糖和山梨醇代謝密切相關。5個結構基因(PpSS、PpINV、PpMGAM、PpFRK和PpHXK)和8個轉錄因子(PpMYB1/3、PpMYB-related1、PpWRKY4、PpbZIP1/2/3和PpbHLH2)共同調控桃果實采后糖代謝和抗冷性[5]。采后貯藏期間,PpaSPS2、PpaSS1和PpaST3的表達量與桃果實果糖含量顯著相關,PpaSPS2和PpaSST2的表達量與葡萄糖含量顯著相關[6]。過表達PpCBF6可以通過下調PpVIN2表達量來提高桃果實的蔗糖含量;鋅指蛋白基因(zinc finger protein gene,PpZAT10)通過抑制桃果實中的PpVIN2和增強VIN酶活性來調控蔗糖代謝[53-54]。山梨醇轉移蛋白基因(sorbitol transfer protein gene,PpeSOT3/5/7),尤其是PpeSOT3,可能是影響果實山梨醇代謝和抗冷性的潛在關鍵基因[55]。
1.3 揮發性物質變化
醛類、醇類、酯類和內酯類化合物為桃果實的特征揮發物質,其中γ-辛內酯、δ-癸內酯、γ-十二內酯、芳樟醇可賦予桃果實典型“桃香”氣味,其含量與桃果實采后風味相關[56]。長期低溫冷藏可導致果實酯類、內酯類和萜類物質含量降低,醛醇類物質的積累,可作為果實冷害程度的預測因子[57]。果實的腐敗變質導致乙醇和乙酸乙酯含量劇增,褐腐菌侵染桃果實可產生異丁醇、乙酸丙酯和異戊酸乙酯,以上揮發性物質可作為桃果實腐爛程度的標記物[7]。環氧化物水解酶(EH)為桃果實內酯芳香物質合成的關鍵酶,其中7個EH家族成員基因(PpEH1~7)參與了桃果實內酯物質合成,其表達量與內酯芳香物質的積累呈負相關[58]。脂氧合酶(lipoxygenase,LOX)、脂肪酸去飽和酶(fatty acid desaturase,FAD)、氫過氧化物裂解酶(hydroperoxide lyase,HPL)、醇脫氫酶(alcohol dehydrogenase,ADH)是醇、醛類物質代謝關鍵酶[57,59-60]。醇醛基轉移酶(alcoholaldehyde transferase,AAT)是酯類物質代謝關鍵酶[61],類胡蘿卜素裂解酶雙加氧酶(carotenoid lyase dioxygenase,CCD)是芳樟醇等萜類物質合成的關鍵酶[59]。除此之外,烯氧化環化酶(alkene oxidative cyclase,AOC)、環氧丙烷合酶(allene oxide synthase,AOS)、12-氧化植物二烯酸還原酶(12-oxophytodienoic acid reductase,OPR)可與LOX通過蛋白互作共同誘導果實采后脂肪酸、酯類和內酯類物質的合成[59]。
1.4 內源激素變化
植物內源激素乙烯、脫落酸(abscisic acid,ABA)、β-氨基丁酸(β-aminobutyric acid,BABA)、水楊酸(salicylic acid,SA)等在調控果實成熟和衰老中起重要作用。采后貯藏期間,桃果實產生的乙烯和ABA均與果實硬度呈負相關,ABA含量的提高先于乙烯生成,可激活乙烯的產生,最終導致果實軟化[9];除此之外,乙烯還參與采后桃果實中類胡蘿卜素積累和果實著色的調節[62]。ABA可誘導4 ℃冷藏期間中桃9號果實乙烯生物合成基因和乙烯含量上調,從而引起果實軟化[10]。PpNCED是果實內ABA合成途徑的限速基因,同時也會受到外源ABA的調控[51],其中PpNCED1、PpNCED5協同調控桃果實ABA的生物合成和果實軟化[10]。PpMADS2通過SA依賴的致病相關基因(NPR1)激活和ABA信號相關胼胝質積累的協同作用正向調節BABA誘發的桃果實抗病防御[63]。
1.5 抗氧化物質變化
桃果實中的多酚、類黃酮和花色苷含量是資源評價和品種選育的重要因素,具有清除1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)自由基和一氧化氮(NO)自由基的能力。其中,原花青素三聚體C1、原花青素三聚體異構體1/2、原花青素二聚體B1/2、原花青素二聚體異構體、李屬抑制劑b和根皮苷等抗氧化活性化合物,與果實品質和耐貯性密切相關[12]。20 ℃貯藏期間,桃果實總酚含量呈先上升后下降的趨勢,總黃酮、總花色苷以及類胡蘿卜素含量則隨貯藏時間的延長而緩慢下降[64]。與室溫貯藏相比,長期的低溫貯藏通過下調CCD的表達抑制類胡蘿卜素積累,其中3個PpWRKYs、2個PpMYBs和1個PpNAC為調節貯藏期間油桃果實中類胡蘿卜素代謝的潛在轉錄因子[11]。通過抑制乙烯的積累,可調控采后貯藏期間果實花青素生物合成相關酶的活性、基因表達和上游轉錄因子,影響花青素的合成進程[65]。
1.6 采后病害
采后病害是引起果實采后損耗的關鍵因子,其中,擬莖點霉屬真菌屬(Phomopsis sp.)、灰葡萄孢菌(Botrytis cinerea)、炭疽病菌(Colletotrichum siamense)、根霉屬(Rhizopus sp.)、鐮刀菌屬(Fusarium sp.)及曲霉屬(Aspergillus sp.)6種霉菌為引起桃果實采后腐爛的主要病原菌,擬莖點霉屬于真菌屬最為關鍵的病原菌[14]。特定的TGA家族成員可直接響應激發子誘導和病原菌侵染,通過與PpNPR1蛋白相互作用在防衛反應中發揮調控作用[66]。外源BABA處理可介導PpMAPKK5的表達,提高PpTGA1的DNA結合活性并激活SA反應性PR基因,提高抗病性[67];BABA處理可提高TGA轉錄因子(PpTGA1)和NPR1基因(PpNPR1)的表達量,以及還原型煙酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸(NADPH)和谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)含量,增強軟腐病抗性[13]。皮西亞酵母處理可介導PpMYB308和PpMYB306的表達,提高苯丙氨酸解氨酶(phenylalanine ammonia lyase,PAL)和4-香豆酸-CoA連接酶(4-coumarate-CoA ligase,4CL)的活性和基因表達,增強對根霉菌的抗性[68];抑制PpMYB306介導的木質素生物合成相關基因的轉錄抑制,提高抗病性[69]。茉莉酸甲酯(methyl jasmonate,MeJA)處理可介導桃果實PpWRKY46和PpWRKY53的相互作用,誘導抗病防御系統[25]。
1.7 采后抗冷性
桃果實采后冷害主要與膜系統、活性氧自由基(reactive oxygen species,ROS)、DNA基因甲基化等直接相關。目前,在桃中鑒定了22個B-box基因家族成員,其中PpBBX3/6/12/15/20/26的表達與桃果實冷害發生呈顯著負相關[70]。鈣依賴蛋白激酶基因家族(PpCDPK)基因PpCDPK2/7/10/13與桃采后冷害有關,其中,PpCDPK7與PpRBOH的互作可能是鈣信號和ROS信號傳導的交匯點[71]。NADPH為ROS和活性氮自由基(reactive nitrogen radical,RNS)的關鍵輔酶,桃果實抗冷性是通過維持ROS和RNS的穩態來實現的[72];冷適應蛋白(cold-regulated,COR3)基因(PpCOR3)的表達與H2O2含量呈正相關,并參與桃果實采后冷害調控[73]。DNA甲基化在調節與冷害相關的基因表達中起關鍵作用,進而影響桃果實在低溫貯藏中的品質和抗冷性[74];冷害果實的甲基化水平高于非冷害果實,轉錄因子PpNAC1及其下游基因PpACS1、PpExp1和PpAAT1的轉錄豐度和啟動子DNA甲基化呈現反向模式[75]。ERF轉錄因子PpRAP2.12可激活桃果實中PpVIN2的表達而降低采后抗冷性[53],可作為桃果實采后冷害研究的靶標;Cys79和Tyr396分別是S-亞硝基化和硝化最可能的靶標。通過延緩磷脂的降解、FAD的上調和脂肪酸去飽和的過程可延緩桃果實冷害的發生[76]。
2 調控技術研究進展
2.1 1-MCP處理
1-MCP處理對果實軟化、風味喪失、采后病害等品質劣變癥狀均有顯著的調控作用,眾多學者對其調控機制進行了解析。1-MCP處理可通過降低PG、果膠甲基酯酶(pectin methyl esterase,PME)和果膠裂解酶(pectin lyase,PEL)的活性,下調PpPG1,2、PpPME1,2和PpPEL1,2的表達[4],延緩桃果實軟化;并可介導生長素相關的基因(吲哚乙酸、生長素響應轉錄因子等)和細胞壁修飾相關的基因(PpPG1,2,24和PpPMEI)的表達,調控桃果實的軟化[77]。1-MCP處理通過調控與糖、酸代謝相關的基因表達,維持軟溶質和不溶質桃果實蔗糖含量和貯藏品質的穩定[78];并可抑制桃果實甜味、酸味和鮮味的喪失[1];且可使果實保持較高的β-月桂烯和芳樟醇含量[4],以及較少的內酯、苯甲醛和組氨酸含量[8],貯藏風味佳。1-MCP處理主要通過上調PpSPS4基因和下調PpNI3、PpNI4基因的表達,從而調控貯藏期間桃果實的糖代謝,維持更高的蔗糖水平[16]。1-MCP處理通過提高脯氨酸和多胺的含量[17];下調生長素反應因子(PpARF1)、生長素反應基因(PpAUX/IAA1、PpSAUR1和ppg H3-1)和生長素受體蛋白(PpTIR1)的表達,調節IAA生物合成、生長素信號轉導和細胞壁降解[4],提高桃果實的抗冷性。1-MCP與一些保鮮手段結合,具有協同作用,如:1-MCP聯合乙烯吸附劑處理[79]或結合激光微孔膜包裝[80]可顯著抑制果實軟化;1-MCP結合CaCl2處理可促進桃果實中糖的積累和貯藏品質的保持[81];結合納米材料包裝(1-MCP-NA)可顯著抑制黃肉桃果實酯類和醛類含量的下降及乙醇含量的積累[82]。
2.2 氣體處理
氣體的成分、比例和含量可調控桃果實采后貯藏品質和冷害,CO2和O2的處理參數與品種、貯藏條件相關。適宜濃度的CO2和O2處理可抑制桃果實冷害(CI)、延長貯藏期[18],3%~5% CO2結合3%~5% O2可上調蟠桃果實丙酮酸脫羧酶(pyruvate decarboxylase,PDC1/2)、SS及V型質子ATP酶亞基的蛋白表達,維持高能荷狀態和蔗糖水平,抑制果實褐變[2];5% O2和10% CO2結合0 ℃低溫貯藏可使桃果實保持較高的酯類和內酯類揮發性物質含量,尤其是與LOX途徑相關的化合物,這些揮發性化合物與消費者接受度呈正相關[83];5% O2可介導基因PpADH1和PpPDC2的表達,調控果實乙醇和乙醛積累,有效減輕桃果實冷害[84]。
適宜濃度的NO處理通過調節細胞壁和脂質代謝來減輕桃果實的冷害[19]。NO熏蒸處理可調控霞暉6號桃果實PpFAD、PpLOX、PpHPL、PpADH、PpAAT和PpACX的基因表達,增加4 ℃冷藏期間C6醛、C6醇、直鏈酯和內酯等揮發物含量[85];調控桃果實采后花青素、黃酮醇和黃酮類代謝,激活抗氧化酶,延緩霞暉8號桃果實衰老[86];降低冷藏期間桃果實的線粒體耗氧量和細胞色素含量,提高線粒體膜流動性以及呼吸鏈的細胞色素通路和抗氰通路的活性[87],抑制H2O2含量和O2-產生速率、誘導氰化物抗性呼吸途徑[88],提高采后抗冷性。硫化氫(H2S)處理可誘導三磷酸腺苷酶(ATPases)、琥珀酸脫氫酶(succinodehydrogenase,SDH)和細胞色素C氧化酶(cytochrome c oxidase,CCO)活性,增加ATP和能荷的水平,減輕采后冷害[20];并通過調節細胞壁修飾酶、酚類物質和脯氨酸代謝,延緩果肉褐變[72]。
2.3 溫度和輻照處理
貯藏溫度是影響果實采后保鮮期的第一因素,通過對貯藏溫度的調控可延緩果實冷害、延長保鮮期。冰溫貯藏(near-freezing temperature,NFT)可誘導果實糖和能量的代謝,提高油桃果實采后品質和抗冷性[21]。低溫預貯(low temperature conditioning,LTC)亦可鍛煉桃果實抗冷性,但不同品種的桃對溫度的敏感性不同,最佳預貯溫度為9 ℃~12 ℃,預貯時間為6~10 d[89]。間歇升溫(intermittent warming,IW)處理(每周在20 ℃放置1 d后轉移至5 ℃貯藏)可抑制黃桃果實酯類物質的降低,延緩果肉褐變[90]。熱空氣處理通過調控花色苷相關基因的表達,提高果實花色苷含量,延緩糖酸和酚類物質含量的下降[91];熱水處理(HW)可調控PpHSFA4c表達量介導熱處理蛋白(HSP)和活性氧途徑,減輕果實冷害[22];熱空氣+1-MCP(HM)處理通過推遲高峰呼吸,提高谷胱甘肽過氧化物酶(GPX)活性,上調PpaGPXs基因的表達,延緩桃果實的采后衰老[92]。冷激處理通過調節PpbZIP9和PpVIP1介導的呼吸代謝進程,增強桃果實的耐冷性[93]。
短波紫外線B(UV-B)處理可引起桃果肉中萜類、苯丙烷類、植保素和脂肪酸代謝物含量的提高[23];短波紫外線C(UVC)預處理可上調PpaSS1基因的表達,保持果實貯藏品質[6];熱空氣結合UVC處理可上調苯丙氨酸解氨酶的酶活性和基因表達,增強花色苷還原酶、二氫黃酮醇還原酶、UDP-葡萄糖和類黃酮3-O-葡糖基轉移酶的活性,提高1 ℃冷藏桃果實的花青素、原花青素(PAs)和花青素-3-葡萄糖苷(Cya-3-G)含量[94]。45.5 W微波處理7 min可通過抑制膜脂降解和蔗糖積累維持膜穩定性,降低總酚含量,抑制冷害引起的果肉褐變[24]。藍光LED處理可促進油桃果實中果糖和葡萄糖的積累,白光LED處理可顯著促進蔗糖的代謝[95]。
2.4 外源激素處理
外源激素處理可顯著提高采后冷藏期間桃果實的抗冷性,其中MeJA、SA、γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)、褪黑素(MT)、茉莉酸(JA)的處理效果較佳。MeJA處理可促進貯藏期間果實蔗糖合成[96],提高抗冷性[25];上調轉錄因子PpNAC1和PpMYC2.2的表達、下調基因組甲基化水平,延緩果實冷害[75];同樣可以誘導PpLOX、PpAOS、PpAOC、PpACOX和PpFadA的基因表達,激活α-亞麻酸和茉莉酸信號通路而延緩果實冷害的發生[26]。SA處理可促進醇類、脂肪族酯類、內酯和萜烯的釋放[97],提高PpLOX1、蔗糖合酶基因(PpSUS4)、中性轉化酶基因(PpNINV8)和單糖轉運蛋白基因(PpTMT2)的轉錄水平,減緩果實冷害[27]。JA處理可誘導桃果實乙烯釋放,抑制可溶性總糖含量下降,提高果實抗冷性[28];且SA和JA處理在減輕桃果實冷害方面存在協同效應[98]。ABA處理可通過調節金秋紅蜜桃果實蔗糖的代謝而緩解0 ℃下的冷害癥狀[99];IAA處理通過調控ABA和GA代謝基因的轉錄水平,降低ABA和GA水平,提高抗冷性[29]。GABA處理可上調與抗壞血酸(AsA)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)代謝相關的基因和轉錄因子,提高桃果實中AsA和GSH的含量[100],增強果實采后抗冷性[101]。BABA處理通過調節PpWRKY40與調節蛋白PpNPR1的互作關系,以及PpWRKY40對蔗糖代謝酶基因的激活進程,保持適中的可溶性糖含量,維持果實在適應性和防御之間的平衡[67]。MT處理可顯著提高桃果實不飽和脂肪酸/飽和脂肪酸比例和內源性水楊酸含量,調節抗氧化系統和細胞壁代謝[102];上調GABA生物合成基因(PpGAD1和PpGAD4)的表達,抑制GABA降解基因(PpGABA-T)的表達[103],提高果實抗冷性。外源2,4-表油菜素內酯(EBR)通過調節PpGATA12介導的蔗糖代謝相關基因(PpSS和PpNI)和能量代謝相關基因(PpCCO、PpSDH和PpH+-ATPase)的轉錄水平[104];通過PpHDT1調節油菜素類固醇代謝[105],提高桃果實的抗冷性。甘氨酸甜菜堿(GB)處理通過調節精氨酸代謝、GABA分流途徑的基因表達和酶活性,提高脯氨酸、多胺和GABA的含量,增強桃果實抗冷性[106]。
2.5 生防菌
雖然國內關于防治采后病害的生防制劑研究眾多,但生產實踐中使用的生防制劑僅有 Aspire、Shemer、Candifruit等產品,因此篩選和研發可推廣使用的生防制劑意義重大。羅倫隱球酵母+間型假絲酵母組合處理可顯著抑制水蜜桃果實霉變和腐爛[30]。杰米拉類芽孢桿菌W51能有效抑制桃果實采后匍枝根霉的孢子萌發及菌體生長,誘導抗病相關基因的表達,降低軟腐病的發病率和病斑直徑[31]。內生真菌藍狀菌屬(Talaromyces)ZJ-4通過抑制褐腐菌絲的生長,使孢子表面粗糙凹陷、畸形,抑制桃采后褐腐病發生[107]。桃園土壤中的特基拉芽孢桿菌(Bacillus tequilensis)B-23可使菌絲頂端膨大、表面粗糙,孢子邊緣干癟、粗糙且皺縮,同時細胞壁降解、細胞器消失、液泡變形,對褐腐病菌的抑菌率達到73.68%[108]。拮抗細菌CE抑菌物質可引起桃褐腐病菌菌絲細胞膜透性變化、菌絲和分生孢子形態異常、分生孢子不能萌發,抑制桃褐腐病菌的侵染[32]。地衣芽孢桿菌菌株W10菌液及其產生的抗菌蛋白對貯藏期桃褐腐病都有較強的抑制作用,0.1% Ca(NO3)2可提高W10菌液及抗菌蛋白對桃果實褐腐病的防治效果,能明顯推遲始病時間[109]。
2.6 植物精油和酚酸類化合物處理
茶樹油具有顯著的抗真菌活性,可影響孢囊霉細胞膜的組成,改變菌絲形態和膜透性,延緩桃采后病害的發生[110];茶樹油固體脂質體可有效抑制桃褐腐病,保持果實固有品質[33]。50 μg·mL-1的艾葉、高良姜和白鮮皮精油(EOs)可顯著抑制5種采后病原體活性(黃曲霉菌A. Flavus、擴展青霉菌Penicillium Expansum、灰葡萄孢菌B. cinerea、鏈格孢菌Alternaria Nees、美澳型核果鏈核盤菌Monilinia fructicola);其中,三種中草藥CP EOs復合制劑(M-CP EOs)對抗真菌活性具有協同作用[34]。檸檬草、香茅、白唇草和美洲羅勒等精油可顯著抑制桃果實采后炭疽菌、灰葡萄孢和褐腐菌真菌活性,其中檸檬草精油對褐腐菌的抑制效果更為顯著[111]。綠薄荷、胡椒薄荷、百里香CT香芹酚和百里香CT百里香酚精油可通過破壞立枯絲核菌的細胞膜來抑制其生長,減輕桃果實上的立枯絲核菌導致的腐爛[112]。植物基精油(rosewood)處理可顯著降低室溫和低溫條件下水蜜桃被寄生毛霉(Mucor nidicola)感染導致的病斑直徑和腐爛率[35]。
苯丙氨酸處理可顯著促進貯藏前期桃果皮中花色苷合成相關結構基因(PAL、F3H、DFR、UFGT)和調節基因(MYB10.1、bHLH3、WD40-1)的表達,促進果皮花色苷合成[36]。亞精胺處理可上調桃果實PpSAMDC、PpSPDS、PpADC 基因并同時下調PpACS1、PpACO1基因的轉錄水平,促進總酚、總黃酮和花色苷等抗氧化物質及活性氧的積累,顯著降低白鳳水蜜桃果實腐爛率和褐變度[113]。外源脯氨酸和L-半胱氨酸處理通過降低氧化應激,增強抗氧化酶活性和促進抗氧化成分的積累,減輕蟠桃果實的冷害癥狀[37]。茶多酚[114]或對羥基肉桂酸(P-CA)[38]處理均可提高總酚、花青素和黃酮含量,增強DPPH自由基和羥自由基清除能力和抗氧化能力,延長果實保鮮期。綠原酸處理通過激活茉莉酸信號途徑抑制桃采后青霉菌擴展,減輕果實采后腐爛的發生[115]。
3 保鮮技術和產品應用中存在的問題
3.1 保鮮貯運技術應用中存在的問題
基礎低溫冷藏[2]、低溫預貯[89]、冰溫貯藏[21]、熱預處理[22,91]、UV處理[23]、氣調處理[18]等物理保鮮技術在桃果實保鮮貯藏中有一定的推廣應用,但存在較多局限性。(1)冰溫貯藏可顯著抑制果實冷害,但精準控溫是冰溫貯藏技術成功與否的關鍵制約因子,低于冰溫會對細胞組織造成凍害,高于冰溫會縮短貯藏壽命[89];(2)預貯溫度和預貯時間是制約低溫預貯技術的關鍵因子,不適操作易造成果實軟化和褐變加速[116];(3)1-MCP處理及復合保鮮技術在抑制果實軟化方面效果顯著,但存在操作復雜、密閉空間熏蒸時間長、濃度過高果實不能正常軟化等問題[117];(4)熱處理和UV輻照[23]技術效果佳,參數易控,但如何與固定的貯藏設備或分選設備相結合,是影響其產業應用的關鍵因素[118];(5)氣調處理可顯著抑制果實褐變和風味喪失,但設備造價昂貴、能耗高,且氣調貯藏的果實對終端貨架參數要求較高[2];(6)產業中應用率較高的仍然為非冷害溫度的低溫貯藏及集果實分級、包裝、預冷、貯藏、運輸、貨架為一體的桃采后冷鏈物流技術。
3.2 保鮮劑應用中存在的問題
1-MCP[79-80,82]、外源激素[96,101-102]、酚酸類[115]化合物等生理調節劑,生防菌[108-109]、植物精油[33,115]等生物保鮮劑在桃果實保鮮貯運中效果顯著,但仍存在以下問題:(1)處理效果不持久,作用效果會隨著貯藏期的延長而減弱,無法實現果實的長期貯存[108-109];(2)功能單一,多數采后處理通常只具備延緩成熟、抑菌、減輕冷害、減少失水等單一的作用效果[79,102,108];(3)安全性有待評估,目前,1-MCP是應用較為廣泛、認可度較高的保鮮劑,大多數化學和生物保鮮劑的安全性仍然受到消費者的質疑,在實際應用中存在限制[119]。(4)制備方法有待改進,多數保鮮劑存在溶解度小、易降解等制約因素[120]。如外源激素處理、生防菌處理、植物精油處理可顯著提高果實采后抗冷性,但是多以浸泡和噴霧的形式處理,易導致果實采后腐爛嚴重,且大眾接受度低,較難推廣。研發成本低、安全性高、效果持久、復合功效的保鮮劑是突破桃采后保鮮技術應用瓶頸的重要發展策略。
4 展 望
筆者對相關文獻進行了綜合對比和闡述,認為引起桃果實采后品質劣變的關鍵因子為:(1)PpPG為桃果實細胞壁代謝和軟化的標志物,乙烯和乙烯響應因子是影響果實軟化的關鍵因素;(2)內酯類、酯類和芳樟醇物質含量的降低以及醛和醇的積累,可作為品質劣變程度的預測因子;(3)木質素和醇醛類揮發性物質代謝是調控果實采后病害的關鍵代謝途徑;(4)能量缺失、活性氧積累、內源激素代謝異常、基因甲基化是導致果實冷害和褐變的關鍵因子。建議后續從細胞壁超微結構、軟化標志物、直接和間接影響乙烯代謝的因子、互作機制與果實軟化的關聯性;糖酸(前人多關注糖代謝對果實風味調控機制的研究,酸是果實采后生命活動的底物,對果實風味、能量代謝和抗冷性均有較大貢獻,應對調控機制進行挖掘)和揮發性物質(尤其是醇醛類物質)對采后風味的調控機制;糖和能量代謝、抗氧化系統、內源激素(尤其是ABA代謝關鍵基因及關聯因子)及關鍵基因甲基化程度對抗冷性的調控;木質素代謝和醇醛類物質的積累對采后病害的預測和調控作用等方面進行機制解析,為調控技術的研發和應用奠定理論基礎。
桃采后品質劣變調控技術雖然被廣泛研究,但仍未解決長期冷藏導致的果實抗病性降低、風味喪失和貨架期縮短的問題,在產業中的應用仍有一定的局限性。建議未來在技術和產品的產業化應用中從以下幾個方面著手:(1)集分級、包裝、預冷、貯藏、運輸、貨架為一體的冷鏈物流體系的建立;(2)復合保鮮劑的研發及配套技術的集成,將新型保鮮劑與采后包材相結合,提高技術和產品在產業中的應用率;(3)終端貨架技術和外源激素破休眠技術的研發,解決長期低溫冷藏后的果實常溫貨架不能正常破休眠的問題;(4)抗冷性和病害防御系統技術的建立及耐冷性品種的選育,延長高品質鮮桃的供應期,解決國產鮮桃一帶一路(15~30 d的遠洋運輸和終端貨架技術)的技術瓶頸問題。
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收稿日期:2024-01-25 接受日期:2024-04-02
基金項目:上海市科委項目(23N31900600);國家桃產業技術體系(CARS-30);湖湘高層次人才聚集工程-創新團隊項目(2021RC5031)
作者簡介:周慧娟,女,研究員,主要從事果品采后生理與貯藏保鮮技術研究。Tel:021-37195676,E-mail:zhouhuijuanzc@163.com
*通信作者 Author for correspondence. Tel:021-537195676,E-mail:yezhengwen1300@163.com