摘要:非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)已經發展成為全世界最常見的慢性肝臟疾病,并且發病率逐年增加。近年來,越來越多的研究證明,NAFLD與冠狀動脈粥樣硬化存在多種共同的病理生理學機制,如胰島素抵抗、全身炎癥,NAFLD可以促進冠狀動脈粥樣硬化的發生發展,與動脈粥樣硬化心血管疾病密切相關,是動脈粥樣硬化心血管疾病的獨立危險因素。本文擬從NAFLD促進冠狀動脈粥樣硬化的病理生理學機制及NAFLD與冠狀動脈粥樣硬化影像標志物的相關研究兩方面闡述NAFLD與動脈粥樣硬化心血管疾病相關性的研究進展,旨在提高對早期冠狀動脈粥樣硬化危險因素的識別,為未來NAFLD和ASCVD的個體化臨床診療及研究提供思路。
關鍵詞:非酒精性脂肪性肝?。还跔顒用}粥樣硬化;冠狀動脈鈣化;高危斑塊;冠狀動脈周圍脂肪組織
Research progress of CT imaging markers associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and coronary atherosclerosis
ZHANG Yu, LIU Junshi, XING Yan
Imaging Center, The First Affiliate Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, China
Abstract: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has emerged as the most prevalent chronic liver disease worldwide, with an increasing incidence on an annual basis. In recent years, a growing body of evidence indicates that NAFLD and coronary atherosclerosis share a multitude of pathophysiological mechanisms, including insulin resistance and systemic inflammation. NAFLD not only promotes the occurrence and development of coronary atherosclerosis, but also is closely related to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and represents an independent risk factor for this disease. This article aims to review the research progress of the correlation between NAFLD and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease from two different but complementary perspectives, including the pathophysiological mechanism of NAFLD promoting coronary atherosclerosis and the correlation studies on imaging markers of NAFLD and coronary atherosclerosis, in order to enhance the identification of risk factors for early coronary atherosclerosis, and provide insights for future individualized clinical diagnosis, treatment and research of NAFLD and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
Keywords: non?alcoholic fatty liver disease; coronary atherosclerosis; coronary artery calcification; high?risk plaque; pericoronary adipose tissue
隨著肥胖和2型糖尿病患病率的上升,非酒精性脂肪性肝?。∟AFLD)已經成為全世界最常見的慢性肝臟疾病,它可表現為非酒精性脂肪肝或非酒精性脂肪肝炎,還可以發展為肝纖維化、肝硬化或肝細胞肝癌[1-3]。21世紀初,我國NAFLD的患病率僅為23.8%;隨著飲食結構及生活方式的改變,2018年NAFLD患病率已達到32.9%,預計2030年NAFLD患者總人數將達到3.14億[4-5]。越來越多的證據表明,NAFLD通過多種病理生理學機制促進冠狀動脈粥樣硬化(CAS)的發生發展,使NAFLD患者發生動脈粥樣硬化性心血管疾?。ˋSCVD)的風險增加,NAFLD是ASCVD的獨立危險因素,ASCVD是NAFLD患者死亡的主要原因[6-9]。在全球范圍內,25%~40%的NAFLD患者患有ASCVD;中國人群中NAFLD患者中ASCVD的患病率已高達55%[10]?;诖耍疚闹荚陉U明NAFLD促進CAS的潛在的病理生理學機制,并進一步探討NAFLD與CAS相關CT影像標志物的研究進展,以便發現早期CAS的危險因素,及時給予患者早期干預治療,從而降低ASCVD發生率和死亡率。
1 "NAFLD促進CAS的病理生理學機制
雖然NAFLD促進CAS生成機制尚未完全闡明,但許多研究已經為肝臟和心血管系統之間相互作用的潛在復雜機制提供了可能的解釋,其主要因素如胰島素抵抗(IR)、全身炎癥等已被證明可以促進動脈中的內皮細胞損傷、炎癥細胞活化、泡沫細胞形成和平滑肌細胞增殖,最終導致CAS的發生發展。通過對NAFLD促進CAS的病理生理學機制的研究,以便進一步了解NAFLD與ASCVD之間的復雜關系,為未來開發確定治療靶點的新型藥物提供指導。
1.1 "IR
IR是胰島素敏感性降低和(或)胰島素反應性下降的狀態,是大多數慢性疾病的主要致病機制,目前被認為是NAFLD發生和發展的最常見危險因素[11]。NAFLD與IR相關的機制被認為是NAFLD時肝臟異常蓄積的甘油二酯可以激活蛋白激酶C和抑制胰島素受體激酶,從而抑制胰島素信號傳導和誘發IR[12-13]。IR常伴隨代償性高胰島素血癥,可以激活碳水化合物應答元件結合蛋白或固醇反應元件結合蛋白1c等轉錄因子,使新生脂肪生成中涉及的各種脂肪生成酶的表達增加,從而加速游離脂肪酸的合成和儲存,一旦脂肪酸酯化甘油成為甘油三酯,甘油三酯就會以脂滴的形式儲存在肝臟中,以極低密度脂蛋白的形式分泌到血液中,其殘留物迅速穿透動脈壁,誘發內皮細胞功能障礙和炎癥單核細胞的攝取,最終導致泡沫細胞的積累,泡沫細胞促進內皮細胞增殖和基質降解,從而促進CAS的發生[14-15]。此外,IR還可以誘發葡萄糖代謝失衡和慢性高血糖,持續高血糖和IR會導致一氧化碳產生減少,促使血管內皮細胞間黏附分子的表達增加,刺激巨噬細胞攝取氧化的低密度脂蛋白,誘發氧化應激引起內皮細胞功能障礙、炎癥反應及脂肪沉積,從而有利于CAS的進展[16]。
1.2 "全身炎癥
全身炎癥作為大多數代謝綜合征的發病機制之一,不但在NAFLD的發生和發展過程中扮演著重要角色,更是與CAS的發生和進展密切相關。肝臟是重要的免疫器官,含有大量的Kupffer細胞、中性粒細胞和其他免疫細胞群。隨著NAFLD的發展,Kupffer細胞吞噬凋亡肝細胞并將白細胞介素-1β、白細胞介素-6和腫瘤壞死因子-α等細胞因子分泌到血清中;中性粒細胞作為人體白細胞的重要組成部分,遷移到肝臟并在肝臟中被激活,釋放蛋白酶和活性氧,促進炎性因子釋放,在NAFLD期間形成炎癥的惡性循環,使全身處于低度炎癥狀態,這些炎癥因子可以引起內細胞功能障礙,促進CAS的發生和進展。近期,一項薈萃分析研究表明,腫瘤壞死因子-α、C反應蛋白、白細胞介素-6、白細胞介素-1β和細胞間黏附分子-1水平增加與NAFLD風險增加顯著相關,這些炎癥因子可作為NAFLD患者的生物學標志物,并有望為NAFLD的病因以及早期診斷和干預提供新的見解[17]。相關文獻報道,炎癥標志物與ASCVD嚴重程度相關,全身炎癥可能在NAFLD纖維化與ASCVD嚴重程度之間的關聯中發揮中介作用[18]。一項多種族動脈粥樣硬化研究顯示,NAFLD患者的白細胞介素-6水平與亞臨床ASCVD的患病率和嚴重程度獨立相關[19]。亦有研究表明,NAFLD與ASCVD風險增加顯著相關,特別是在老年人和C反應蛋白水平升高的人群中[20]。在肝臟中由白細胞介素-6誘導產生的C反應蛋白被認為可以通過增加纖溶酶原激活物抑制劑-1和內皮細胞間黏附分子-1的表達,抑制一氧化氮形成并增加巨噬細胞對低密度脂蛋白的攝取,增強脂質沉積,刺激血管平滑肌細胞增殖,從而促進炎癥并加速CAS的發生[21-22]。
2 "NAFLD與CAS影像標志物的相關研究
研究表明,在調整傳統心血管危險因素后,NAFLD與CAS獨立相關,隨著CAS的進展,可以促進ASCVD的發生發展[23]。根據國際心血管CT協會2021年冠狀動脈CT血管成像專家共識,將冠狀動脈CT血管成像列為非典型或典型心絞痛等有癥狀患者排查ASCVD的首選檢查方法[24]。冠狀動脈CT血管成像作為一種無創性評價ASCVD的最常用的影像檢查方式,可以準確評估管腔狹窄、量化冠狀動脈鈣化、識別高危斑塊(HRP)、檢測動脈周圍炎癥或對冠狀動脈病變進行功能評估,獨立預測未來ASCVD事件及其預后,對ASCVD患者臨床管理提供一定的指導意義[25-27]。
2.1 "NAFLD與冠狀動脈鈣化評分
冠狀動脈鈣化是鈣鹽在冠狀動脈管壁的沉積,是CAS的一種表現,冠狀動脈鈣化評分(CACS)是通過Agatston算法對冠狀動脈鈣化進行量化分析的一種評估方法,可以反映冠狀動脈斑塊的整體情況。研究表明,CACS是ASCVD風險和預后的獨立預測因子,CACS越高,ASCVD的發生率越高。CACS按0分、1~100分、101~400分、gt;400分為極低危、低危、中危和高危ASCVD風險[28]。相關研究在對10年ASCVD風險評分lt;7.5%的女性進行冠狀動脈鈣化篩查中發現,與CACS=0分的女性相比,任何CACS的女性ASCVD發生率都有所增加[29]。一項涉及6814例患者的前瞻性多種族隊列研究中發現,無論年齡、性別及種族如何,CACS與ASCVD獨立且密切相關,CACS=0分的患者10年ASCVD風險較低,CACS≥100分的患者10年ASCVD年風險至少為7.5%[30]。有學者認為,NAFLD與CACS存在獨立關聯,但尚未顯示CACS在評估NAFLD患者ASCVD風險方面的作用[31]。一項多種族動脈粥樣硬化隊列研究發現,在疑似非酒精性肝脂肪變性的患者中,CACS是新發ASCVD事件的獨立預測因素[32]。CACS=0分的患者在10年ASCVD風險評分lt;7.5%的ASCVD事件發生率極低,而在10年ASCVD風險評分gt;7.5%中事件發生率相對較高。此外,在臨床危險因素的基礎上納入CACS顯著提高了預測新發ASCVD事件的能力,其中在10年ASCVD風險評分≤20%中觀察到的改善最大。這表明在NAFLD患者中,常規的CACS篩查可能有助于評估未來ASCVD事件的風險。未來我們的研究結果需要在包括所有NAFLD譜系的研究對象中得到證實。
2.2 "NAFLD與HRP
HRP是指所有具有破裂傾向、易發生血栓形成和(或)進展迅速的斑塊,是急性冠脈綜合征的危險因素[33]。HRP又可以稱為易損斑塊或不穩定斑塊,其形態特征包括正性重塑、低衰減斑塊、點狀鈣化與“餐巾環”征[34, 35]。在一項大型、多中心、前瞻性SCOT-HEART研究中發現,HRP的存在會使ASCVD風險增加3倍,其中最有幫助的斑塊特征是正性重塑和低衰減斑塊,它們也是隨后發生急性冠脈綜合征事件的潛在罪魁禍首[36]。研究發現,NAFLD組易損斑塊的比例高于非NAFLD組(46.0% vs 26.7%,Plt;0.001);NAFLD組有≥2個易損斑塊的患者比例高于非NAFLD組(12.9% vs 5.4%,P=0.004);NAFLD組狹窄≥50%的易損斑塊比例高于非NAFLD組(29.0% vs 13.6%,Plt;0.001),NAFLD患者是冠狀動脈易損斑塊的高危人群[35]。一項納入182例NAFLD患者的ROMICAT II 臨床試驗亦發現,NAFLD患者的HRP發生率顯著高于非NAFLD患者,在調整CAS嚴重程度及傳統心血管危險因素后,NAFLD與HRP顯著相關(OR=2.13,95% CI:1.18~3.85)[37]。一項前瞻性研究發現HRP在NAFLD患者中更常見,在多因素回歸分析中,NAFLD是HRP的獨立危險因素(OR=2.039,95% CI:1.243~3.345),在5.4年的隨訪期間,NAFLD患者經歷了更多的ASCVD事件[38]。這說明,HRP是NAFLD 患者發生ASCVD及ASCVD事件的預測指標,但是這些數據的預后意義應該在更大規模的研究中得到證實。
2.3 NAFLD與冠狀動脈周圍脂肪衰減
冠狀動脈周圍脂肪組織(PCAT)是指心外膜脂肪組織中圍繞冠狀動脈的部分,與冠狀動脈共處相同的微環境,作為一種代謝活躍的內分泌器官,通過旁分泌及滋養血管分泌機制形成促炎信號來影響CAS的發展進程,在ASCVD的發病機制中起著至關重要的影響作用[39, 40]。為了能夠準確地檢測血管周圍炎癥,有學者提出一種新的影像學標志物—PCAT衰減指數[41],通過PCAT衰減的梯度來檢測PCAT的表型變化,從而能夠使用常規冠狀動脈CT血管成像及早發現冠狀動脈炎癥,也是檢測發生ASCVD事件強有力的預測因子[15, 42]。在CRISP-CT研究中發現,PCAT衰減指數與全因死亡率和心臟死亡率密切相關,PCAT高衰減是心臟死亡率增加的重要危險因素,可以用于對心血管危險分層的評估[43]。有學者認為,NAFLD患者的PCAT衰減明顯高于非NAFLD患者,在調整傳統心血管危險因素、HRP特征后,NAFLD與PCAT高衰減獨立相關[44]。該結果也在一項疑似ASCVD患者的研究中得到了證實[3]。一項前瞻性研究顯示,LAD-PCAT高衰減是NAFLD的獨立危險因素(HR=3.321,95% CI:1.277~8.635,P=0.01),在4.9年的隨訪期間,LAD-PCAT高衰減的NAFLD患者經歷了更多的ASCVD事件,這說明LAD-PCAT衰減可以預測NAFLD患者ASCVD風險的發生[45]。有研究發現,PCAT衰減作為一個動態指標,可以評價銀屑病患者的生物療效[46],表明降低PCAT衰減的治療可能潛在地預防NAFLD患者的ASCVD事件,但未來仍需要進一步的研究來評估PCAT衰減是否有助于確定NAFLD患者將受益于積極的預防治療。
3 "總結與展望
近年來,隨著NAFLD促進CAS的多種機制如IR、全身炎癥被闡明。越來越多的研究表明,NAFLD可能是ASCVD的一個新興危險因素。隨著NAFLD全球患病率的增加,引發了人們對其及ASCVD的發生和預后的更多關注。最近的心血管和肝臟疾病指南建議對NAFLD患者未來發生ASCVD的風險進行分層,并控制其相關的危險因素,從而減少ASCVD及其他相關并發癥的發生。目前大量研究表明,CACS、HRP及PCAT衰減可作為CAS影像標志物來預測NAFLD患者未來發生ASCVD的風險,及時對患者給予早期干預治療,以大幅度減輕全球ASCVD的發生率、死亡率,阻止肝病進展和減少肝病相關并發癥。未來,我們希望NAFLD新藥開發的臨床試驗應該同時評估該藥對減低ASCVD風險的潛在益處,以便盡早批準可以兼顧防治NAFLD進展和減少ASCVD風險發生的新型藥物,從而使個體化的風險預測和治療在NAFLD患者的管理中成為現實。
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(編輯:孫昌朋)